CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFatty Acid Research and HealthChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

The Role of Cholesterol and Fatty Acids in the Etiology and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Open access
Esposito, Cecilia Maria, Buoli, Massimiliano, Ciappolino, Valentina, Agostoni, Carlo, Brambilla, Paolo·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms22073550PMC PMC8036564
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders whose pathogenesis seems to be related to an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which leads to disrupted connectivity during brain development. Among the various biomarkers that have been evaluated in the last years, metabolic factors represent a bridge between genetic vulnerability and environmental aspects. In particular, cholesterol homeostasis and circulating fatty acids seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of ASDs, both through the contribute in the stabilization of cell membranes and the modulation of inflammatory factors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the available data about the role of cholesterol and fatty acids, mainly long-chain ones, in the onset of ASDs. A bibliographic research on the main databases was performed and 36 studies were included in our review. Most of the studies document a correlation between ASDs and hypocholesterolemia, while the results concerning circulating fatty acids are less univocal. Even though further studies are necessary to confirm the available data, the metabolic biomarkers open to new treatment options such as the modulation of the lipid pattern through the diet.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijms22073550

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Cholesterol homeostasis is dysregulated in many syndromes associated with autism spectrum disorder, including fragile X syndrome.

    “Cholesterol homeostasis is dysregulated in many syndromes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including fragile X syndrome (FXS)11.”

    From An iPSC-derived astrocyte model of fragile X syndrome exhibits dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis (2023) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction and Results §3.1 link disrupted cholesterol metabolism to ASD and identify Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome as an associated condition with impaired cholesterol biosynthesis. They do not establish the claim for many ASD-associated syndromes or for fragile X syndrome specifically; a search for fragile X/FXS found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 88 · Cited by 39

Research works printed but not linked: 76

  1. [1]American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 American Psychiatric Press Washington, DC, USA 2013
  2. [2]Carmo J.C. Rumiati R.I. Siugzdaite R. Brambilla P. Preserved Imitation of Known Gestures in Children with High-Functioning Autism ISRN Neurol. 2013 2013 751516 10.1155/2013/751516 24062956 PMC3767050 · DOI
  3. [3]Grecucci A. Brambilla P. Siugzdaite R. Londero D. Fabbro F. Rumiati R.I. Emotional Resonance Deficits in Autistic Children J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2012 43 616 628 10.1007/s10803-012-1603-z 22806001 · DOI
  4. [4]Frye R.E. Social Skills Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Biological Origins and Progress in Developing Therapeutic Agents CNS Drugs 2018 32 713 734 10.1007/s40263-018-0556-y 30105528 PMC6105175 · DOI
  5. [5]Calderoni S. Bellani M. Hardan A.Y. Muratori F. Brambilla P. Basal ganglia and restricted and re-petitive behaviours in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current status and future perspectives Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2014 23 235 238 10.1017/S2045796014000171 24816251 PMC6998382 · DOI
  6. [6]Masi A. DeMayo M.M. Glozier N. Guastella A.J. An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options Neurosci. Bull. 2017 33 183 193 10.1007/s12264-017-0100-y 28213805 PMC5360849 · DOI · Paper page
  7. [7]Piccin S. Crippa A. Nobile M. Hardan A.Y. Brambilla P. Video modeling for the development of personal hygiene skills in youth with autism spectrum disorder Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2017 27 127 132 10.1017/S2045796017000610 29122040 PMC6998956 · DOI
  8. [8]DeFilippis M. Wagner K.D. Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents Psychopharmacol. Bull. 2016 46 18 41 27738378 PMC5044466
  9. [9]Sanchack K.E. Thomas C.A. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles Am. Fam. Physician 2016 94 972 979 28075089
  10. [10]Bellani M. Calderoni S. Muratori F. Brambilla P. Brain anatomy of autism spectrum disorders I. Focus on corpus callosum Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2013 22 217 221 10.1017/S2045796013000139 23531487 PMC8367332 · DOI
  11. [11]Brambilla P. Hardan A.Y. Di Nemi S.U. Caverzasi E. Soares J.C. Perez J. Barale F. The functional neuroanatomy of autism Funct. Neurol. 2004 19 9 18 15212111
  12. [12]Mengotti P. D’Agostini S. Terlevic R. De Colle C. Biasizzo E. Londero D. Ferro A. Rambaldelli G. Balestrieri M. Zanini S. Altered white matter integrity and development in children with autism: A combined voxel-based morphometry and diffusion imaging study Brain Res. Bull. 2011 84 189 195 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.12.002 21146593 · DOI
  13. [14]Picardi A. Fagnani C. Medda E. Toccaceli V. Brambilla P. Stazi M.A. Genetic and environmental influences underlying the relationship between autistic traits and temperament and character dimensions in adulthood Compr. Psychiatry 2015 58 178 188 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.018 25600422 · DOI
  14. [15]Bellani M. Calderoni S. Muratori F. Brambilla P. Brain anatomy of autism spectrum disorders II. Focus on amygdala Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2013 22 309 312 10.1017/S2045796013000346 23815810 PMC8367344 · DOI
  15. [16]Frye R.E. Vassall S. Kaur G. Lewis C. Karim M. Rossignol D. Emerging biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review Ann. Transl. Med. 2019 7 792 10.21037/atm.2019.11.53 32042808 PMC6989979 · DOI
  16. [17]Zoccante L. Viviani A. Ferro A. Cerini R. Cerruti S. Rambaldelli G. Bellani M. Dusi N. Perlini C. Boscaini F. Increased left parietal volumes relate to delayed language development in autism: A structural mri study Funct. Neurol. 2011 25 217 221 21388583
  17. [18]Agostoni C. Nobile M. Ciappolino V. Delvecchio G. Tesei A. Turolo S. Crippa A. Mazzocchi A. Altamura C.A. Brambilla P. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Developmental Psychopathology: A Systematic Review on Early Psychosis, Autism, and ADHD Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017 18 2608 10.3390/ijms18122608 29207548 PMC5751211 · DOI
  18. [19]Botturi A. Ciappolino V. DelVecchio G. Boscutti A. Viscardi B. Brambilla P. The Role and the Effect of Magnesium in Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review Nutrients 2020 12 1661 10.3390/nu12061661 PMC7352515 32503201 · DOI
  19. [20]Shen L. Liu X. Zhang H. Lin J. Feng C. Iqbal J. Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders: Current progress Clin. Chim. Acta 2020 502 41 54 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.009 31857069 · DOI
  20. [21]Calderoni S. Billeci L. Narzisi A. Brambilla P. Retico A. Muratori F. Rehabilitative Interventions and Brain Plasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Focus on MRI-Based Studies Front. Neurosci. 2016 10 139 10.3389/fnins.2016.00139 27065795 PMC4814657 · DOI
  21. [23]Giuliano A. Saviozzi I. Brambilla P. Muratori F. Retico A. Calderoni S. The effect of age, sex and clinical features on the volume of Corpus Callosum in pre-schoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A case-control study Eur. J. Neurosci. 2018 47 568 578 10.1111/ejn.13527 28112456 · DOI
  22. [24]Mohammad-Rezazadeh I. Frohlich J. Loo S.K. Jeste S.S. Brain connectivity in autism spectrum disorder Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2016 29 137 147 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000301 26910484 PMC4843767 · DOI
  23. [25]Serati M. DelVecchio G. Orsenigo G. Mandolini G.M. Lazzaretti M. Scola E. Triulzi F. Brambilla P. The Role of the Subplate in Schizophrenia and Autism: A Systematic Review Neuroscience 2019 408 58 67 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.049 30930130 · DOI
  24. [26]Petrov A.M. Kasimov M.R. Zefirov A.L. Cholesterol in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Diseases and Autism: Link to Synaptic Dysfunction Acta Naturae 2017 9 26 37 10.32607/20758251-2017-9-1-26-37 28461971 PMC5406657 · DOI
  25. [27]Wang H. Lipid rafts: A signaling platform linking cholesterol metabolism to synaptic deficits in autism spectrum disorders Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2014 8 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00104 24723866 PMC3973904 · DOI · Paper page
  26. [29]Paul S.M. Doherty J.J. Robichaud A.J. Belfort G.M. Chow B.Y. Hammond R.S. Crawford D.C. Linsenbardt A.J. Shu H.-J. Izumi Y. The Major Brain Cholesterol Metabolite 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol Is a Potent Allosteric Modulator of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors J. Neurosci. 2013 33 17290 17300 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013 24174662 PMC3812502 · DOI
  27. [31]Kawicka A. Regulska-Ilow B. How nutritional status, diet and dietary supplements can affect autism. A review Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 2013 64 1 12 23789306
  28. [33]Błażewicz A. Szymańska I. Astel A. Stenzel-Bembenek A. Dolliver W.R. Makarewicz A. Assessment of Changes over Time of Lipid Profile, C-Reactive Protein Level and Body Mass Index in Teenagers and Young Adults on Different Diets Belonging to Autism Spectrum Disorder Nutrients 2020 12 2594 10.3390/nu12092594 PMC7551291 32859040 · DOI
  29. [34]Lee R.W.Y. Corley M.J. Pang A. Arakaki G. Abbott L. Nishimoto M. Miyamoto R. Lee E. Yamamoto S. Maunakea A.K. A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder Physiol. Behav. 2018 188 205 211 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.006 29421589 PMC5863039 · DOI
  30. [35]Peretti S. Mariano M. Mazzocchetti C. Mazza M. Pino M.C. Di Pianella A.V. Valenti M. Diet: The keystone of autism spectrum disorder? Nutr. Neurosci. 2019 22 825 839 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1464819 29669486 · DOI
  31. [36]Bastiaanssen T.F.S. Cowan C.S.M. Claesson M.J. Dinan T.G. Cryan J.F. Making Sense of … the Microbiome in Psychiatry Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019 22 37 52 10.1093/ijnp/pyy067 30099552 PMC6313131 · DOI
  32. [37]Sivamaruthi B.S. Suganthy N. Kesika P. Chaiyasut C. The Role of Microbiome, Dietary Supplements, and Probiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorder Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 17 2647 10.3390/ijerph17082647 PMC7215504 32290635 · DOI
  33. [38]Tierney E. Nwokoro N.A. Porter F.D. Freund L.S. Ghuman J.K. Kelley R.I. Behavior phenotype in the RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome Am. J. Med. Genet. 2001 98 191 200 10.1002/1096-8628(20010115)98:2<191::AID-AJMG1030>3.0.CO;2-M 11223857 · DOI
  34. [39]Vancassel S. Durand G. Barthélémy C. Lejeune B. Martineau J. Guilloteau D. Andrès C. Chalon S. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2001 65 1 7 10.1054/plef.2001.0281 11487301 · DOI
  35. [40]Goldenberg A. Chevy F. Bernard C. Wolf C. Cormier-Daire V. Circonstances cliniques du diagnostic du syndrome de Smith-Lemli-Opitz et tentatives de corrélation phénotype-génotype: À propos de 45 cas [Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and tentative phenotype-genotype correlation: Report of 45 cases] Arch. Pediatr. 2003 10 4 10 12818773
  36. [41]Bell J. MacKinlay E. Dick J. MacDonald D. Boyle R. Glen A. Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2004 71 201 204 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.008 15301788 · DOI
  37. [42]Dziobek I. Gold S.M. Wolf O.T. Convit A. Hypercholesterolemia in Asperger syndrome: Independence from lifestyle, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and social anxiety Psychiatry Res. 2007 149 321 324 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.02.003 17123635 · DOI · Paper page
  38. [44]Sliwinski S. Croonenberghs J. Christophe A. Deboutte D. Maes M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Do they have a role in the pathophysiology of autism? Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2006 27 465 471 16891996
  39. [46]Meguid N.A. Atta H.M. Gouda A.S. Khalil R.O. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the man-agement of Egyptian children with autism Clin. Biochem. 2008 41 1044 1048 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.05.013 18582451 · DOI
  40. [47]Bell J.G. Miller D. MacDonald D.J. MacKinlay E.E. Dick J.R. Cheseldine S. Boyle R.M. Graham C. O’Hare A.E. The fatty acid compositions of erythrocyte and plasma polar lipids in children with autism, developmental delay or typically developing controls and the effect of fish oil intake Br. J. Nutr. 2010 103 1160 1167 10.1017/S0007114509992881 19995470 · DOI
  41. [48]Wiest M. German J. Harvey D. Watkins S. Hertz-Picciotto I. Plasma fatty acid profiles in autism: A case-control study Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2009 80 221 227 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.007 19307110 · DOI
  42. [49]Kim E.K. Neggers Y.H. Shin C.S. Kim E. Kim E.M. Alterations in lipid profile of autistic boys: A case control study Nutr. Res. 2010 30 255 260 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.04.002 20534328 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [50]El-Ansary A.K. Ben Bacha A.G. Ayahdi L.Y.A. Impaired plasma phospholipids and relative amounts of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in autistic patients from Saudi Arabia Lipids Health Dis. 2011 10 63 10.1186/1476-511X-10-63 21513514 PMC3107801 · DOI
  44. [51]El-Ansary A.K. Bacha A.G. Al-Ayahdi L.Y. Plasma fatty acids as diagnostic markers in autistic patients from Saudi Arabia Lipids Health Dis. 2011 10 62 10.1186/1476-511X-10-62 21510882 PMC3107800 · DOI
  45. [52]Schengrund C.L. Ali-Rahmani F. Ramer J.C. Cholesterol, GM1, and autism Neurochem. Res. 2012 37 1201 1207 10.1007/s11064-011-0697-6 22252726 · DOI
  46. [53]Fong B.M.-W. Tam S. Leung K.S.-Y. Determination of plasma cholesterol sulfate by LC–APCI-MS/MS in the context of pediatric autism Talanta 2013 116 115 121 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.075 24148381 · DOI
  47. [54]Ghezzo A. Visconti P. Abruzzo P.M. Bolotta A. Ferreri C. Gobbi G. Malisardi G. Manfredini S. Marini M. Nanetti L. Oxidative Stress and Erythrocyte Membrane Alterations in Children with Autism: Correlation with Clinical Features PLoS ONE 2013 8 e66418 10.1371/journal.pone.0066418 23840462 PMC3686873 · DOI · Paper page
  48. [55]Brown C.M. Austin D.W. Busija L. Observable essential fatty acid deficiency markers and autism spectrum disorder Breastfeed. Rev. Prof. Publ. Nurs. Mothers Assoc. Aust. 2014 22 21 26 25109097
  49. [56]Moses L. Katz N. Weizman A. Metabolic profiles in adults with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities Eur. Psychiatry 2014 29 397 401 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.05.005 23849396 · DOI
  50. [57]Brigandi S.A. Shao H. Qian S.Y. Shen Y. Wu B.-L. Kang J.X. Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015 16 10061 10076 10.3390/ijms160510061 25946342 PMC4463632 · DOI
  51. [58]Esparham A.E. Smith T. Belmont J.M. Haden M. Wagner L.E. Evans R.G. Drisko J.A. Nutritional and Metabolic Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Exploratory Study Integr. Med. (Encinitas) 2015 14 40 53 26770138 PMC4566479
  52. [59]Jory J. Abnormal fatty acids in Canadian children with autism Nutrition 2016 32 474 477 10.1016/j.nut.2015.10.019 26746679 · DOI
  53. [60]Mostafa G.A. Al-Ayadhi L.Y. Reduced levels of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum carnitine in autistic children: Relation to gastrointestinal manifestations Behav. Brain Funct. 2015 11 4 10.1186/s12993-014-0048-2 25757041 PMC4332725 · DOI
  54. [61]Yui K. Imataka G. Kawasak Y. Yamada H. Increased ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid/arachidonic acid ratios and upregulation of signaling mediator in individuals with autism spectrum disorders Life Sci. 2016 145 205 212 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.039 26724495 · DOI
  55. [62]Yui K. Imataka G. Kawasaki Y. Yamada H. Down-regulation of a signaling mediator in association with lowered plasma arachidonic acid levels in individuals with autism spectrum disorders Neurosci. Lett. 2016 610 223 228 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.006 26552013 · DOI
  56. [63]Parletta N. Niyonsenga T. Duff J. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Correlations with Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls PLoS ONE 2016 11 e0156432 10.1371/journal.pone.0156432 27232999 PMC4883772 · DOI
  57. [64]Puig-Alcaraz C. Fuentes-Albero M. Cauli O. Relationship between adipic acid concentration and the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders Psychiatry Res. 2016 242 39 45 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.027 27259135 · DOI
  58. [65]Wang H. Liang S. Wang M. Gao J. Sun C. Wang J. Xia W. Wu S. Sumner S.J. Zhang F. Potential serum biomarkers from a metabolomics study of autism J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016 41 27 37 10.1503/jpn.140009 26395811 PMC4688025 · DOI
  59. [66]Yui K. Imataka G. Kawasaki Y. Competitive Interaction between Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Arachidonic Acid is Related to Down-Regulation of A Signaling Mediator Med. Chem. 2016 12 318 327 10.2174/1573406412666160107113725 26740205 · DOI
  60. [67]Cariou B. Challet-Bouju G. Bernard C. Marrec M. Hardouin J.-B. Authier C. Bach-Ngohou K. Leux C. Pichelin M. Grall-Bronnec M. Prevalence of hypobetalipoproteinemia and related psychiatric characteristics in a psychiatric population: Results from the retrospective HYPOPSY Study Lipids Health Dis. 2018 17 249 10.1186/s12944-018-0892-4 30400945 PMC6220563 · DOI
  61. [68]Howsmon D.P. Adams J.B. Krüger U. Geis E. Gehn E. Hahn J. Erythrocyte fatty acid profiles in children are not predictive of autism spectrum disorder status: A case control study Biomark. Res. 2018 6 12 10.1186/s40364-018-0125-z 29568526 PMC5853097 · DOI
  62. [69]Toscano C.V.A. Carvalho H.M. Ferreira J.P. Exercise Effects for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Metabolic Health, Autistic Traits, and Quality of Life Percept Mot Skills. 2018 125 1 126 146 10.1177/0031512517743823 29226773 · DOI
  63. [71]Hassan M.H. Desoky T. Sakhr H.M. Gabra R.H. Bakri A.H. Possible Metabolic Alterations among Autistic Male Children: Clinical and Biochemical Approaches J. Mol. Neurosci. 2019 67 204 216 10.1007/s12031-018-1225-9 30600432 · DOI
  64. [72]Usui N. Iwata K. Miyachi T. Takagai S. Wakusawa K. Nara T. Tsuchiya K.J. Matsumoto K. Kurita D. Kameno Y. VLDL-specific increases of fatty acids in autism spectrum disorder correlate with social interaction EBioMedicine 2020 58 102917 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102917 32739868 PMC7393524 · DOI
  65. [73]Yui K. Imataka G. Sasaki H. Shiroki R. The role of lipid peroxidation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders Metab. Brain Dis. 2020 35 1101 1108 10.1007/s11011-020-00585-4 32643093 · DOI
  66. [74]Crippa A. Del Vecchio G. Ceccarelli S.B. Nobile M. Arrigoni F. Brambilla P. Cortico-Cerebellar Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know So Far? Front. Psychiatry 2016 7 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00020 PMC4763031 26941658 · DOI
  67. [75]El-Ansary A. Chirumbolo S. Bhat R.S. Dadar M. Ibrahim E.M. Bjørklund G. The Role of Lipidomics in Autism Spectrum Disorder Mol. Diagn. Ther. 2020 24 31 48 10.1007/s40291-019-00430-0 31691195 · DOI
  68. [76]Capuzzi E. Caldiroli A. Capellazzi M. Tagliabue I. Auxilia A. Ghilardi G. Buoli M. Clerici M. Exploring the role of serum lipid profile and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in violent suicide attempters: A cross sectional study CNS Spectr. 2020 10 1 7 10.1017/S1092852920002199 33298214 · DOI
  69. [77]Buoli M. Caldiroli L. Guenzani D. Carnevali G.S. Cesari M. Turolo S. Barkin J.L. Messa P. Agostoni C. Vettoretti S. Associations Between Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Profile on the Severity of Depression in Older Persons with Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease J. Ren. Nutr. 2020 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.08.017 33386204 · DOI
  70. [78]Harvey P.D. Deckler E. Jones M.T. Jarskog L.F. Penn D.L. Pinkham A.E. Autism symptoms, depression, and active social avoidance in schizophrenia: Association with self-reports and informant assessments of everyday functioning J. Psychiatr. Res. 2019 115 36 42 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.010 31102902 PMC6556410 · DOI
  71. [79]Macchi C. Favero C. Ceresa A. Vigna L. Conti D.M. Pesatori A.C. Racagni G. Corsini A. Ferri N. Sirtori C.R. Depression and cardiovascular risk—Association among Beck Depression Inventory, PCSK9 levels and insulin resistance Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2020 19 1 11 10.1186/s12933-020-01158-6 33143700 PMC7641831 · DOI · Paper page
  72. [80]Brambilla P. Bellani M. Isola M. Bergami A. Marinelli V. Dusi N. Rambaldelli G. Tansella M. Finardi A.M. Martino G. Increased M1/decreased M2 signature and signs of Th1/Th2 shift in chronic patients with bipolar disorder, but not in those with schizophrenia Transl. Psychiatry 2014 4 e406 10.1038/tp.2014.46 24984193 PMC4119216 · DOI · Paper page
  73. [81]Bellani M. Zanette G. Zovetti N. Barillari M. Del Piccolo L. Brambilla P. Adult Mild Encephalitis With Reversible Splenial Lesion Associated With Delirious Mania: A Case Report Front. Psychiatry 2020 11 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00079 32174853 PMC7054482 · DOI
  74. [82]Guenzani D. Buoli M. Caldiroli L. Carnevali G.S. Serati M. Vezza C. Armelloni S. Messa P. Vettoretti S. DREAM Project Group Malnutrition and inflammation are associated with severity of depressive and cognitive symptoms of old patients affected by chronic kidney disease J. Psychosom. Res. 2019 124 109783 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109783 31443824 · DOI
  75. [83]Corradini I. Focchi E. Rasile M. Morini R. Desiato G. Tomasoni R. Lizier M. Ghirardini E. Fesce R. Morone D. Maternal Immune Activation Delays Excitatory-to-Inhibitory Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Switch in Offspring Biol. Psychiatry 2018 83 680 691 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.030 29146047 · DOI
  76. [84]Qasem H. Al-Ayadhi L. Bjørklund G. Chirumbolo S. El-Ansary A. Impaired lipid metabolism markers to assess the risk of neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder Metab. Brain Dis. 2018 33 1141 1153 10.1007/s11011-018-0206-6 29569150 · DOI

Authors
Esposito, C. M., Buoli, M., Ciappolino, V., Agostoni, C., & Brambilla, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
Corresponding author
Agostoni, Carlo
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-29
Volume
22
Issue
7
Pages
3550
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms22073550
PMC
PMC8036564
OpenAlex
W3144905200
Cited by
39
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3
FWCI
0.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, cholesterol, long-chain fatty acids, hypocholesterolemia, circulating fatty acids, cholesterol homeostasis, metabolic biomarkers, excitation-inhibition balance, neurodevelopmental disorders, inflammation
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cholesterol, Fatty Acids, Humans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review