An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options
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Since the documented observations of Kanner in 1943, there has been great debate about the diagnoses, the sub-types, and the diagnostic threshold that relates to what is now known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reflecting this complicated history, there has been continual refinement from DSM-III with 'Infantile Autism' to the current DSM-V diagnosis. The disorder is now widely accepted as a complex, pervasive, heterogeneous condition with multiple etiologies, sub-types, and developmental trajectories. Diagnosis remains based on observation of atypical behaviors, with criteria of persistent deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. This review provides a broad overview of the history, prevalence, etiology, clinical presentation, and heterogeneity of ASD. Factors contributing to heterogeneity, including genetic variability, comorbidity, and gender are reviewed. We then explore current evidence-based pharmacological and behavioral treatments for ASD and highlight the complexities of conducting clinical trials that evaluate therapeutic efficacy in ASD populations. Finally, we discuss the potential of a new wave of research examining objective biomarkers to facilitate the evaluation of sub-typing, diagnosis, and treatment response in ASD.
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This heterogeneity might be considered as representative of variability present among autistic population.
“However, this heterogeneity might be considered as representative of the variability present among the autistic population (Masi et al., 2017).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Masi et al., 2017
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?
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Phenocopy syndrome of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review
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- Authors
- Masi, A., DeMayo, M. M., Glozier, N., & Guastella, A. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Guastella, Adam J.
- Venue
- Neuroscience Bulletin
- Published
- 2017-02-17
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 183-193
- ISSN
- 1995-8218 (ISSN-L)
- 1673-7067
- PMC
- PMC5360849
- OpenAlex
- W2588655326
- Cited by
- 987
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuroscience Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1043664, 1061922)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, diagnostic heterogeneity, history of autism diagnosis, autism subtypes, autism etiology, genetic variation, comorbidities, gender differences, pharmacotherapy, behavior therapy, biomarkers, social communication deficits, restricted and repetitive behaviors
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Humans, Prevalence, Disease Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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