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Angiogenesis in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, is associated with inflammation in various pathological conditions. Well-known angiogenetic factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietins, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) have recently been added to an important angiogenic factor. Accumulating evidence indicates associations between angiogenesis and chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Angiogenesis is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. VEGF, angiopoietins, tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-8, and interleukin-17 are unregulated in psoriasis and induce angiogenesis. Angiogenesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, and in particular, mast cells are a major source of VEGF expression. Angiogenesis is an essential process in rosacea, which is induced by LL-37 from a signal cascade by microorganisms, VEGF, and MMP-3 from mast cells. In addition, angiogenesis by increased VEGF has been reported in chronic urticaria and hidradenitis suppurativa. The finding that VEGF is expressed in inflammatory skin lesions indicates that inhibition of angiogenesis is a useful strategy for treatment of chronic, inflammatory skin disorders.
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“Increasing real-world evidence also supports the durable efficacy and favorable long-term disease control achieved with selective IL-23 inhibitors [27,28].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Throughout this process, continuous exchange between keratinocytes and immune cells maintains a loop in which IL-23 sustains pathogenic T cells, IL-17 and IL-22 perpetuate epidermal alterations, and TNF-α amplifies inflammation across multiple cell types.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“These reflect activation of the IL-23/Th17 axis.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“In psoriasis, histopathological findings include acanthosis, parakeratosis, neutrophilic microabscesses, and prominent dermal vascular proliferation.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“In severe or refractory cases, systemic agents such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, and acitretin are used to broadly suppress immune activation and keratinocyte turnover, but their long-term use is limited by toxicity and lack of pathway specificity [28].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Since rosacea shares specific inflammation mechanisms with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis [37,38], we hypothesized that rosacea might also modify the protein composition in the GCF.”
BackgroundTreating rosacea with botulism toxin: Protocol for a systematic review and meta‐analysis
He, G., Yang, Q., Wu, J. S., Huang, Y., Zheng, H., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15962 · Cited by 10
“47 In animal experiments, studies have shown that botulinum toxin can inhibit TLR2-mediated inflammation, 48 and reduce erythema induced by LL- 37-induced inflammation.”
BackgroundZheng, Y., Chen, X., Xu, F., Cui, Y.-Z., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Fu, N.-C., Yang, X.-Y., Chen, X., Zheng, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.270 · Cited by 9
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“9,10 Moreover, IL-17 enhances the activation of neurons in the inner frontal cortex, contributing to the development of anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundPsoriasis and Lupus Erythematosus—Similarities and Differences between Two Autoimmune Diseases
Fijałkowska, A., Wojtania, J., Woźniacka, A. J., & Robak, E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154361 · Cited by 9
“Skin biopsy specimens obtained from active psoriatic lesions have indicated higher expression of VEGF-A compared to healthy skin of Ps patients and the skin of healthy people [121].”
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Inflammatory factors collaboratively link Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis to gastric cancer
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“A biological process known as Angiogenesis occurs when smooth muscle and endothelial cells migrate, proliferate, and sprout on top of pre-existing vessels to form new capillaries [4].”
He, K., Wang, Z., Liu, M., Du, W., Yin, T., Bai, R., Duan, Q., Wang, Y., Lei, H., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128288527240108110844 · Cited by 8
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“Furthermore, angiogenesis plays a critical role in accelerating wound healing, as it facilitates the transport of nutrients and metabolism necessary for cellular and ECM reconstruction [ 63 ].”
The Role of Persistent Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Infected Nonunion: A Narrative Review
Liu, T., Li, F., Yan, Y., Gao, S., Zhou, D., Jiang, X., Song, C., Fu, Z., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.70260 · Cited by 9
Li, L., Shucheng, H., Fu, L., Pei, B., Xu, W., & Jiang, X. L. (2023) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14836 · Cited by 8
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“The inhibition of VEGF receptor signaling is also used to treat inflammatory diseases in which angiogenesis plays a significant role, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis [32,33].”
BackgroundTirpáková, Z., Demčišáková, Z., Luptáková, L., Hurnikova, J., Čoma, M., Urban, L., Gál, P., Medvecký, Ľ., & Petrovová, E. (2024) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-024-10574-y · Cited by 8
“While uncontrolled angiogenesis is linked to various pathological conditions, the physiologi - cal, well-controlled angiogenesis is vital for wound-healing and regeneration (Lee et al. 2021).”
Role of Yes-Associated Protein in Psoriasis and Skin Tumor Pathogenesis
Jia, J., Wang, Y., Mo, X., & Chen, D. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12060978 · Cited by 7
“The main pathological feature of psoriasis is the painful expansion of superficial dermal vessels with a clinical manifestation, such as the Auspitz sign [47].”
BackgroundThe role of macrophages in rosacea: implications for targeted therapies
Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Chu, C., & Jiang, X. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211953 · Cited by 6
“Macrophages are believed to play a role in both angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) and vasodilation (widening of existing vessels) in the skin (46), leading to the characteristic redness and flushing of rosacea (47).”
BackgroundThe Role of Bile Acid in Immune‐Mediated Skin Diseases
Ma, H., Li, R., Qu, B., Liu, Y., Li, P., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.70108 · Cited by 8
Extracellular vesicles from keratinocytes and other skin‐related cells in psoriasis: A review
Qi, F., & Jin, H. (2024) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.15001 · Cited by 6
“45 Several angiogenic mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor, are highly expressed during psoriasis development.”
BackgroundLiu, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., Gu, H., Lü, M., & Xia, Y. (2024) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.02.007 · Cited by 6
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Paeoniflorin Attenuates Limb Ischemia by Promoting Angiogenesis Through ERα/ROCK-2 Pathway
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“Excessive angiogenesis can maintain chronic inflammation [8,9].”
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RasGRP1 influences imiquimod-induced psoriatic inflammation via T-cell activation in mice
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“Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of rosacea [27].”
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“IL-17 works together with TNF-α to create a synergistic effect in increased production of VEGF, GM-CSF and CXCL8 by fibroblasts and keratinocytes during angiogenesis [62].”
An overview of stem cells and cell products involved in trauma injury
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Circulating VEGF and inflammatory bowel disease: a bidirectional mendelian randomization
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“Interestingly, the inhibition of angiogenesis may therefore be an effective therapeutic approach to treating inflammatory skin disorders [11].”
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Identification of STAT3 and BIRC5 as anoikis-related biomarkers in psoriasis
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“Perivascular inflammatory cells release inflammatory mediators to promote vasodilation and neovascularization 40 .”
Antisense molecules: A promising new therapy for atopic dermatitis
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“Recent studies have emphasized the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in AD by promoting angiogenesis 124 .”
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“In addition, PGE2 activates the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway that induces angiogenesis and favors cellular proliferation, tumor growth, and metastasis [74].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, H. J., Hong, Y. J., & Kim, M.
- Affiliations
- The Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Miri
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 12035
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8584589
- OpenAlex
- W3212070111
- Semantic Scholar
- 5155b9747bd452bee5fcdea00619444cce1f7eac
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 19
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1D1A1B07044100 and 2019R1F1A1059460)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Keywords
- angiogenesis, chronic inflammatory skin disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, chronic urticaria, hidradenitis suppurativa, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietins, mast cells, YAP/TAZ signaling, angiogenesis inhibition, IL-17, interleukin-8, TNF-α, LL-37, MMP-3
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chronic Disease, Dermatitis, Dermatitis, Atopic, Humans, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Psoriasis, Rosacea, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Angiopoietins
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