Vascularized 3D Human Skin Models in the Forefront of Dermatological Research
Open accessAbstract
In vitro engineered skin models are emerging as an alternative platform to reduce and replace animal testing in dermatological research. Despite the progress made in recent years, considerable challenges still exist for the inclusion of diverse cell types within skin models. Blood vessels, in particular, are essential in maintaining tissue homeostasis and are one of many primary contributors to skin disease inception and progression. Substantial efforts in the past have allowed the successful fabrication of vascularized skin models that are currently utilized for disease modeling and drugs/cosmetics testing. This review first discusses the need for vascularization within tissue‐engineered skin models, highlighting their role in skin grafting and disease pathophysiology. Second, the review spotlights the milestones and recent progress in the fabrication and utilization of vascularized skin models. Additionally, advances including the use of bioreactors, organ‐on‐a‐chip devices, and organoid systems are briefly explored. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for vascularized skin models are addressed.
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There has been a complete absence of an endogenously differentiating vascularized, hair-bearing human skin equivalent that contains immune cell populations.
“While many attempts to generate complex 3D skin equivalents have achieved vascularization, hair follicle generation, and immune cell co‐cultures, there has been a complete absence of endogenously differentiating a vascularized, hair‐bearing human skin equivalent that contains immune cell populations.[ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]”
From Coordinated Development of Immune Cell Populations in Vascularized Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
The Skin Organoids section describes hair-bearing models derived from human iPSCs but identifies vascularization and immune competence as challenges. Challenges and Outlook also notes a lack of immune cells and blood vessels in skin organoids, while Resemblance with Native Human Skin says a complete functional model is lacking. These passages support the combination as an unmet challenge, but do not establish the categorical claim that no endogenously differentiating model with all three features exists. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Rimal, R., Muduli, S., Desai, P., Marquez, A. B., Möller, M., Platzman, I., Spatz, J., & Singh, S.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (DE)
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials (DE)
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Smriti
- Venue
- Advanced Healthcare Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e2303351-e2303351
- ISSN
- 2192-2640 (ISSN-L)
- 2192-2659
- PMC
- PMC11468127
- OpenAlex
- W4391246670
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advanced Healthcare Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Keywords
- tissue-engineered skin, skin grafting, bioreactors, organ-on-a-chip, organoids, alternatives to animal testing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Organoids, Skin, Skin Diseases, Tissue Engineering
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