Loss of Myostatin Alters Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation, TCA Cycle Activity, and ATP Production in Skeletal Muscle
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Myostatin (MSTN) is an important negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in animals. A lack of MSTN promotes lipolysis and glucose metabolism but inhibits oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Here, we aimed to investigate the possible mechanism of MSTN regulating the mitochondrial energy homeostasis of skeletal muscle. To this end, MSTN knockout mice were generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Expectedly, the MSTN null (Mstn−/−) mouse has a hypermuscular phenotype. The muscle metabolism of the Mstn−/− mice was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect calorimetry, ChIP-qPCR, and RT-qPCR. The resting metabolic rate and body temperature of the Mstn−/− mice were significantly reduced. The loss of MSTN not only significantly inhibited the production of ATP by OXPHOS and decreased the activity of respiratory chain complexes, but also inhibited key rate-limiting enzymes related to the TCA cycle and significantly reduced the ratio of NADH/NAD+ in the Mstn−/− mice, which then greatly reduced the total amount of ATP. Further ChIP-qPCR results confirmed that the lack of MSTN inhibited both the TCA cycle and OXPHOS, resulting in decreased ATP production. The reason may be that Smad2/3 is not sufficiently bound to the promoter region of the rate-limiting enzymes Idh2 and Idh3a of the TCA cycle, thus affecting their transcription.
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In myostatin KO mice, mitochondrial bioenergetics are significantly altered, characterized by reduced activity of TCA cycle enzymes, decreased ETC function, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation.
“Similarly, in myostatin KO mice, mitochondrial bioenergetics are significantly altered, characterized by the reduced activity of key enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, decreased ETC function, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation [73].”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Wang, X., Wei, Z., Gu, M., Zhu, L., Hai, C., Di, A., Wu, D., Bai, C., Su, G., Liu, X., Yang, L., & Li, G.
- Affiliations
- Inner Mongolia University (CN)
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Lei
- Li, Guangpeng
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-12-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 15707
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9779574
- OpenAlex
- W4311135120
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Open Competition Projects (2022JBGS0025, 2021ZD0009, 2021ZD0008, 2022ZD0008, 2022LJRC0006, 2022-nong-4, JYBGCSYS2022)
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Major Project (2022JBGS0025, 2021ZD0009, 2021ZD0008, 2022ZD0008, 2022LJRC0006, 2022-nong-4, JYBGCSYS2022)
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team (2022JBGS0025, 2021ZD0009, 2021ZD0008, 2022ZD0008, 2022LJRC0006, 2022-nong-4, JYBGCSYS2022)
- Inner Mongolia Hohhot City Science and Technology Project (2022JBGS0025, 2021ZD0009, 2021ZD0008, 2022ZD0008, 2022LJRC0006, 2022-nong-4, JYBGCSYS2022)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education on Excellent Livestock Scale Breeding Technology (2022JBGS0025, 2021ZD0009, 2021ZD0008, 2022ZD0008, 2022LJRC0006, 2022-nong-4, JYBGCSYS2022)
- Inner Mongolia University Chief Scientist Program (2022JBGS0025, 2021ZD0009, 2021ZD0008, 2022ZD0008, 2022LJRC0006, 2022-nong-4, JYBGCSYS2022)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- myostatin, Mstn knockout mice, skeletal muscle, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, ATP production, resting metabolic rate, NAD+/NADH ratio, respiratory chain complexes, Smad2/3, IDH2, transcriptional regulation, muscle metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Animals, Mitochondria, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Mice, Knockout, Muscle, Skeletal, Mice, Myostatin
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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