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Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions
Open accessAbstract
Candida albicans, along with other closely related Candida species, are the primary causative agents of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)—a multifactorial infectious disease of the lower female reproductive tract resulting in pathologic inflammation. Unlike other forms of candidiasis, VVC is a disease of immunocompetent and otherwise healthy women, most predominant during their child-bearing years. While VVC is non-lethal, its high global incidence and profound negative impact on quality-of-life necessitates further understanding of the host and fungal factors that drive disease pathogenesis. In this review, we cover the current state of our understanding of the epidemiology, host response, fungal pathogenicity mechanisms, impact of the microbiome, and novel approaches to treatment of this most prevalent human candidal infection. We also offer insight into the latest advancements in the VVC field and identify important questions that still remain.
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“the estimated annual economic impact of RVVC in the United States in 2010 from lost work hours was US$1 billion.2,4,8”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Symptoms of C. albicans and NAC infections are generally not clinically distinguishable, 1 but diagnostic and treatment considerations differ. 8”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Treatment failure on standard recommended regimens is common, as some NAC strains are inherently resistant to the azole drug class, have acquired resistance mechanisms, 8 or have low susceptibility to commonly used antifungal agents, 27”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Candida glabrata is the second-most prevalent Candida species in vulvovaginitis 8”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“All conditions related to elevated estrogen levels, such as pregnancy and the use of hormonal contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy, are VVC risk factors [10,68].”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [68]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Willems, H. M. E., Ahmed, S. S., Liu, J., Xu, Z., & Peters, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Peters, Brian M.
- Venue
- Journal of Fungi
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-25
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27
- ISSN
- 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7151053
- OpenAlex
- W3007795453
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI134796, AI141829)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Keywords
- vaginal candidiasis, Candida species, host immune response, vaginal microbiota, antifungal therapy, quality of life
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