Oral Candidosis: Pathophysiology and Best Practice for Diagnosis, Classification, and Successful Management
Open accessAbstract
Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. Oral candidosis presents a variety of clinical forms, including pseudomembranous candidosis, erythematous candidosis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, cheilocandidosis, juxtavermillion candidosis, mucocutaneous candidosis, hyperplastic candidosis, oropharyngeal candidosis, and rare suppurative candidosis. The prognosis is usually favorable, but treatment failure or recurrence is common due to either incorrect diagnosis, missing other pathology, inability to address underlying risk factors, or inaccurate prescription of antifungal agents. In immunocompromised patients, oropharyngeal candidosis can spread to the bloodstream or upper gastrointestinal tract, leading to potentially lethal systemic candidosis. This review therefore describes oral candidosis with regard to its pathophysiology and best practice for diagnosis, practical classification, and successful management.
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
e Silva, D. M., de Souza Lacerda, L., de Souza Andrioli, A., Braz, W. R., Campos, L. M., de Paiva, M. R. B., Pittella, F., Fabri, R. L., & Tavares, G. D. (2025) · Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.70046 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lu, S.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Chang Gung University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Shin-Yu
- ORCID
- Lu, Shin-Yu
- Venue
- Journal of Fungi
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-07-13
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 555
- ISSN
- 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8306613
- OpenAlex
- W3178489381
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- oral candidiasis, Candida, pathophysiology, pseudomembranous candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, systemic candidiasis, immunocompromised patients, antifungal therapy, risk factors, diabetes mellitus, HIV/AIDS, leukopenia, host-pathogen interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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