Cited by 118Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityHIV/AIDS oral health manifestationsOral Health Pathology and Treatment

Oral Candidosis: Pathophysiology and Best Practice for Diagnosis, Classification, and Successful Management

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Lu, Shin-Yu·2021·Journal of Fungi

Abstract

Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. Oral candidosis presents a variety of clinical forms, including pseudomembranous candidosis, erythematous candidosis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, cheilocandidosis, juxtavermillion candidosis, mucocutaneous candidosis, hyperplastic candidosis, oropharyngeal candidosis, and rare suppurative candidosis. The prognosis is usually favorable, but treatment failure or recurrence is common due to either incorrect diagnosis, missing other pathology, inability to address underlying risk factors, or inaccurate prescription of antifungal agents. In immunocompromised patients, oropharyngeal candidosis can spread to the bloodstream or upper gastrointestinal tract, leading to potentially lethal systemic candidosis. This review therefore describes oral candidosis with regard to its pathophysiology and best practice for diagnosis, practical classification, and successful management.

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  1. [7]Supriya H. Harishchandra R. Suhasini P.D. Rajalekshmi V. Pathogenic mechanism of Candida albicans in oral mucosa—A review Int. J. Health Sci. Res. 2016 1 489 497
  2. [29]Lai W.H. Lu S.Y. Eng H.L. Levamisole aid in the treatment of refractory oral candidosis in two cases of myasthenia gravis Chang. Gung Med. J. 2002 25 606 612 12479622
  3. [31]Lu S.Y. Eng H.L. Diagnosis of secondary syphilis-related oral ulcers Chang. Gung Med. J. 2002 25 683 688 12518780

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Authors
Lu, S.-Y.
Affiliations
Chang Gung University (TW)
Corresponding author
Lu, Shin-Yu
Venue
Journal of Fungi
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-07-13
Volume
7
Issue
7
Pages
555
ISSN
2309-608X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3178489381
Cited by
118
References
120
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 2
FWCI
1.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
Keywords
oral candidiasis, Candida, pathophysiology, pseudomembranous candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, systemic candidiasis, immunocompromised patients, antifungal therapy, risk factors, diabetes mellitus, HIV/AIDS, leukopenia, host-pathogen interaction

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