The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Consumer Behaviour during Crises: Preliminary Research on How Coronavirus Has Manifested Consumer Panic Buying, Herd Mentality, Changing Discretionary Spending and the Role of the Media in Influencing Behaviour
Open accessAbstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic spread globally from its outbreak in China in early 2020, negatively affecting economies and industries on a global scale. In line with historic crises and shock events including the 2002-04 SARS outbreak, the 2011 Christchurch earthquake and 2017 Hurricane Irma, COVID-19 has significantly impacted global economic conditions, causing significant economic downturns, company and industry failures, and increased unemployment. To understand how conditions created by the pandemic to date compare to the aforementioned shock events, we conducted a thorough literature review focusing on the presentation of panic buying and herd mentality behaviours, changes to discretionary consumer spending as defined by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and the impact of global media on these behaviours. The methodology utilised to analyse panic buying, herd mentality and altered patterns of consumer discretionary spending (according to Maslow’s theory) involved an analysis of consumer spending data, largely focused on Australian and American markets. Here, we analysed the volume and timing of consumer spending patterns; the volumes of spending on specific, highly-demanded consumer goods during the investigative period; and the distribution of spending on luxury and non-durable goods to identify the occurrence of these consumer behaviours. Moreover, to identify the presence of the media in influencing consumer behaviour we focused on web traffic to media sites, alongside keyword and phrase data mining. We conclude that, to date, consumer behaviour during the COVID-19 crisis appears to align with behaviours exhibited during historic shock events. We hope to contribute to the body of research on the early months of this pandemic before longer-term studies are available.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“when others are seen to panic buy, this may intensify the perceived scarcity of a product and increase the motivation to panic buy, resulting in herd behaviour (Baddeley, 2010; Loxton et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Loxton et al., 2020
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In both countries panic buying peaked in March (Keane and Neal, 2020; Loxton et al., 2020; Prentice et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Loxton et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hardin, G. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 · Cited by 25,167
(1997) · Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language · doi:10.4135/9781446221815.n7 · Cited by 15,148
Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.2.267 · Cited by 6,500
Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267 · Cited by 5,955
Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality
Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x · Cited by 3,885
Asch, S. E. (1955) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31 · Cited by 2,446
Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Li, G., & Clercq, E. D. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0 · Cited by 1,739
A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects
Ball-Rokeach, S., & Defleur, M. (1976) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365027600300101 · Cited by 1,412
Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000875 · Cited by 1,270
A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding
Frost, R. O., & Hartl, T. L. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2 · Cited by 853
Consumer Behavior and Psychological Reactance
Clee, M. A., & Wicklund, R. A. (1980) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208782 · Cited by 649
Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsPreprint
Mcleod, S. (2025) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.15240896 · Cited by 538
The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis
Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., Ma, F., & Li, K. X. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103513 · Cited by 514
Hirschman, E. C., & Thompson, C. J. (1997) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1997.10673517 · Cited by 370
Response to the COVID-19 Epidemic: The Chinese Experience and Implications for Other Countries
Liu, W. Y., Yue, G. X.-G., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072304 · Cited by 292
Sex differences in factors contributing to the level of cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma game.
Rapoport, A., & Chammah, A. M. (1965) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022678 · Cited by 176
Spreading Ebola Panic: Newspaper and Social Media Coverage of the 2014 Ebola Health Crisis
Brown, D. K., Yoo, J., & Johnson, T. J. (2018) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1437524 · Cited by 162
Measuring Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Lester, D. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.20.pr0.113x16z1 · Cited by 147
The "Big C": Identifying Contagion
Forbes, K. J. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18465 · Cited by 145
An Examination of Social Influence on Shopper Behavior Using Video Tracking Data
Zhang, X., Li, S., Burke, R. R., & Leykin, A. (2014) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.12.0106 · Cited by 145
Liminality and consumption in the aftermath of a natural disaster
Kennett‐Hensel, P. A., Sneath, J. Z., & Lacey, R. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363761211193046 · Cited by 131
Meyer, R. J., Baker, J., Broad, K., Czajkowski, J., & Orlove, B. (2014) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-12-00218.1 · Cited by 129
Media Framing and the Threat of Global Pandemics: The Ebola Crisis in UK Media and Policy Response
Pieri, E. (2018) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.1177/1360780418811966 · Cited by 105
Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research
Haghani, M., Cristiani, E., Bode, N. W. F., Boltes, M., & Corbetta, A. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Transportation · doi:10.1155/2019/9267643 · Cited by 92
Retailer’s sourcing strategy under consumer stockpiling in anticipation of supply disruptions
Yoon, J., Narasimhan, R., & Kim, M. K. (2017) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2017.1401748 · Cited by 84
Social media usage during disasters and social capital : Twitter and the Great East Japan Earthquake
Kaigo, M. (2012) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 75
Dang, H. V., & Lin, M. (2016) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2016.10.005 · Cited by 74
Post-disaster consumption: analysis from the 2011 Christchurch earthquake
Forbes, S. L. (2016) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969.2016.1247010 · Cited by 71
(2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849776424 · Cited by 70
Changes in retail shopping behaviour in the aftermath of an earthquake
Ballantine, P. W., Zafar, S., & Parsons, A. G. (2013) · The International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research · doi:10.1080/09593969.2013.821419 · Cited by 48
Kameda, T., & Hastie, R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0157 · Cited by 41
An examination of the role of intolerance of distress and uncertainty in hoarding symptoms
Mathes, B. M., Oglesby, M. E., Short, N. A., Portero, A. K., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.007 · Cited by 37
International Consumer Behavior in the 21st Century
Samli, A. C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5125-9 · Cited by 33
The role of media in crisis management: A case study of Azarbayejan earthquake
Ghassabi, F., & Zare‐Farashbandi, F. (2015) · International Journal of Health System and Disaster Management · doi:10.4103/2347-9019.151323 · Cited by 29
Thomas, J., & Mora, K. (2014) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1187-3 · Cited by 25
(2010) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 24
Neural insensitivity to upticks in value is associated with the disposition effect
Brooks, A. M., Capra, C. M., & Berns, G. S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.081 · Cited by 20
The Irrationality Illusion: A New Paradigm for Economics and Behavioral Economics
Jeffrey, H. J., & Putman, A. O. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2013.790388 · Cited by 15
Put a limit on it: The protective effects of scarcity heuristics when self-control is low
Cheung, T. T. L., Kroese, F. M., Fennis, B. M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2015) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102915615046 · Cited by 8
Ebola disruption could spark new food crisis
Kuwonu, F. (2014) · Africa renewal · doi:10.18356/fc34d629-en · Cited by 6
Does FDI Presence Make Domestic Firms Greener in an Emerging Economy? The Effect of Media Attention
Yang, J. Y., Li, Y., Liu, W., & Wen, L. (2019) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2019.238 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Easley, David, and Kleinberg, Jon (2010). Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World, Cambridge International Press. · DOI · Paper page
- Keane, 2020, Consumer panic in the COVID-19 pandemic. ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research & University of New South Wales, CEPAR Working Paper, 12, 1
- McCombs, Maxwell (2018). Influencing public opinion. Setting the Agenda: Mass media and Public Opinion, Wiley.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Workie, E., Mackolil, J., Nyika, J. M., & Sendhil, R. (2020) · Current Research in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100014 · Cited by 429
Online Shopping Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Lessons from the Crisis
Koch, J., Frommeyer, B., & Schewe, G. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su122410247 · Cited by 452
Psychological factors and consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic
Crosta, A. D., Ceccato, I., Marchetti, D., Malva, P. L., Maiella, R., Cannito, L., Cipi, M., Mammarella, N., Palumbo, R., Verrocchio, M. C., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256095 · Cited by 383
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior
Gu, S., Ślusarczyk, B., Hajizada, S., Kovalyova, I. N., & Sakhbieva, A. I. (2021) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer16060125 · Cited by 323
Panic buying research: A systematic literature review and future research agenda
Billore, S., & Anisimova, T. (2021) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12669 · Cited by 282
Metadata
- Authors
- Loxton, M., Truskett, R., Scarf, B., Sindone, L., Baldry, G., & Zhao, Y.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Yinong
- ORCID
- Baldry, George
- Venue
- Journal of Risk and Financial Management
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-07-30
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 166
- ISSN
- 1911-8066 (ISSN-L)
- 1911-8074
- OpenAlex
- W3045639497
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 64.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of risk and financial management (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Consumer Behavior and Market Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, consumer behavior, panic buying, herding behavior, discretionary spending, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, media influence on consumers, consumer spending patterns, luxury goods, non-durable goods, shock events, SARS, Christchurch earthquakes, Hurricane Irma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review