Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of TecnoBody D-Wall to Assess the Range of Motion During Overhead Squat in Healthy Individuals
Open accessAbstract
This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the TecnoBody D-Wall system in assessing joint range of motion (ROM) during overhead squat movements in healthy individuals, using Kinovea as a reference tool for data comparison. A total of 29 participants (16 males, 13 females) with a mean age of 28.41 ± 6.66 years were included. Measurements were conducted for hip and knee joint angles in the sagittal plane, with three repetitions per participant analyzed using both systems. The D-Wall system employed a 3D Kinect V2 camera and force platform, while Kinovea used 2D video-based motion analysis. The results demonstrated excellent agreement between the two systems, with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.79 to 0.99. For the knee joint, the test-retest ICC values were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97–0.99) for Kinovea and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95–0.99) for the D-Wall on the right side, and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97–0.99) for Kinovea and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79–0.94) for the D-Wall on the left side. For the hip joint, test-retest ICC values were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97–0.99) for Kinovea and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88–0.97) for the D-Wall on the right side, and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97–0.99) for Kinovea and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.87–0.97) for the D-Wall on the left side. Bland–Altman plots confirmed good agreement, with no significant systematic bias observed. Both systems showed statistically insignificant differences (p > 0.05) between measurements, and correlation values ranged from 0.83 to 0.99, indicating strong associations. These findings highlight the high validity and reliability of both TecnoBody D-Wall and Kinovea systems in measuring joint angles during dynamic movements. The comparable accuracy between systems suggests that either system can be effectively utilized in clinical or research settings, depending on specific needs and resource availability.
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In our study, knee flexion showed an almost identical ICC (0.98 vs. 0.99) to Soylu et al., but with a significantly lower SEM (1.98° vs. 6.06°).
“In our study, knee flexion showed an almost identical ICC (0.98 vs. 0.99), but with a significantly lower SEM (1.98° vs. 6.06°).”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
The Abstract reports a knee test–retest ICC of 0.99 for right-side Kinovea measurements, supporting the ICC comparison. The Results discuss measurement errors and refer to Table 3, but the passages available in our copy do not give a knee SEM of 6.06°; the claimed SEM value and significance of the cross-study difference therefore cannot be verified from this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSoylu et al., comparing Kinovea with the D-Wall system in the overhead squat, obtained ICCs in the sagittal plane ranging from 0.79 to 0.99.
“Soylu et al. [58], who, when comparing Kinovea with the D-Wall system in the overhead squat, obtained ICCs in the sagittal plane ranging from 0.79 to 0.99.”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
For hip flexion, we obtained an ICC of 0.82 compared to 0.99 reported by Soylu et al.
“for hip flexion, we obtained an ICC of 0.82 compared to 0.99 reported by Soylu et al.”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Soylu, C., Acar, G., Uzumcu, B., Demir, P., Seyhan, S., & Biyikli, T.
- Affiliations
- Gulhane Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Sport Science, Institute of Graduate Education, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45040 Manisa, Turkey
- Berton Robotic Technology and Health Inc., 34720 Istanbul, Turkey
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06145 Ankara, Turkey
- Manisa Celal Bayar University (TR)
- Department of Coaching Education, Marmara University Faculty of Sport Sciences, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey
- Venue
- Life
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-01-10
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 80
- ISSN
- 2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11766738
- OpenAlex
- W4406244435
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- AYBU AVESIS (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
- Keywords
- overhead squat, range of motion, test-retest reliability, measurement validity, hip joint angle, knee joint angle, 3D motion capture, Kinovea video analysis, sagittal plane, healthy individuals, Bland-Altman agreement, force plate, sports biomechanics
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