The Effect of Biodegradable Waste Pyrolysis Temperatures on Selected Biochar Properties
Open accessAbstract
Biochars produced during biodegradable waste pyrolysis are products with a wide range of environmental applications. The effect of impact biochars depends on their properties which determine the course of specific processes. The main aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on selected properties of biochar produced from various plant wastes (beech wood chips, walnut shells, wheat-rye straw), the valorization of which is of key importance for the implementation of the circular economy. Biochars were produced at temperatures of: 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C and 700 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. An increase in the pyrolysis temperature caused a drop in the biochar production yield. As the temperature increased, higher carbon content and lower hydrogen content could be seen in the products obtained. An increase in the pH and total organic carbon (TOC) values also found. The influence of temperature on ash content, observed in the case of BWS (biochar from walnut shell) and BWRS (biochar from wheat and rye straw), did not occur in the case of BWC (biochar from beech wood chips). Another parameter that demonstrated a growing tendency with increasing temperature was the BET specific surface area (except for biochars from wheat and rye straw). An increase in pyrolysis temperature caused a decrease in the diversity and density of the surface functional groups of biochars. The influence of the type of precursor used in the production of biochar on the presence of surface functional groups was demonstrated. The presence of intense stretching vibrations of C–O bonds, having a potential impact on the sorption capacity of biochars, was determined in the FTIR spectra of BWC600 and BWC700 biochars, this feature, combined with the large BET surface area, may affect the sorption potential of these biochars. The presence of this type of high-intensity vibrations was also observed in the spectra of biochar BWRS600 and BWRS700. This can compensate for the low BET surface value and play an important role when using these biochars in sorption processes for organic and inorganic compounds.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Increasing pyrolysis temperature to 800 °C drove further deoxygenation and dehydrogenation, with Van Krevelen parameters H/C = 0.21 and O/C = 0.05.
“Increasing pyrolysis temperature to 800 • C via B800 drove further deoxygenation and dehydrogenation, with Van Krevelen parameters (H/C = 0.21; O/C = 0.05) confirming heightened aromaticity and carbon enrichment [69,70].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
The Conclusions report that increasing temperature raised carbon content and lowered hydrogen content, and Results §3.2 links a falling H/C ratio to increased aromaticity. But Methods §2.2 lists pyrolysis temperatures only up to 700 °C. The paper therefore does not support the claimed B800 result or its H/C = 0.21 and O/C = 0.05 values; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review
Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J. E., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., Vithanage, M., Lee, S. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071 · Cited by 4,662 · see citing works
Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: Biochar characteristics and modifications
Li, H., Dong, X., da Silva, E. B., de Oliveira, L. M., Chen, Y., & Ma, L. Q. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.072 · Cited by 1,845 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The metal sorption could be the results of mechanisms based, among others, on electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, binding of metals by functional groups present on the surface of biochars or precipitation [58,72].”
BackgroundLehmann, J. (2007) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:bitb]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
Ahmad, M., Lee, S. S., Dou, X., Mohan, D., Sung, J.-K., Yang, J. E., & Ok, Y. S. (2012) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042 · Cited by 1,357 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The determined pH values of biochars produced from different plant substrates confirmed the tendency for pH values to grow with increasing temperature of the pyrolysis process and the differentiation of pH values depending on the type of substrate, as presented by other authors [45,48,50].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: a review
Agegnehu, G., Srivastava, A. K., & Bird, M. I. (2017) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar
Zhao, B., O'Connor, D., Zhang, J., Peng, T., Shen, Z., Tsang, D. C. W., & Hou, D. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.013 · Cited by 843 · cited 6× · see citing works
“A characteristic system resembling a honeycomb, which can reflect the carbon skeleton of the capillary biological structure of the lignocellulosic feedstock, can also be seen [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialXue, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Inyang, M., Zhang, M., Zimmerman, A. R., & Ro, K. S. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.116 · Cited by 784 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These groups are of large importance for the formation of organometallic complexes immobilizing heavy metals in soil (Pb (II), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Cd (II)) [9,41,92].”
BackgroundQuality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures
Song, W., & Guo, M. (2012) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2011.11.018 · Cited by 693 · cited 8× · see citing works
“The differences in biochar yields from different wastes results from their different chemical characteristics related, among others, to ash content [50] or lignin content [86].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialScreening biochars for heavy metal retention in soil: Role of oxygen functional groups
Uchimiya, M., Chang, S., & Klasson, K. T. (2011) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.063 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Mohan, D., Rajput, S., Singh, V. K., Steele, P. H., & Pittman, C. U. J. (2011) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.127 · Cited by 550 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used for the sorption of contaminants, among others, from aqueous solutions [47,65,67,68].”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Zhang, F.-S., & Wu, J. (2010) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.042 · Cited by 545 · cited 4× · see citing works
“(2010) [44] determined the specific surface area of the biochar produced from pine wood at a temperature of 700 ◦C at a much lower level of 29 m2·g−1, which, as the authors explained, could have been an effect of the softening and melting of pine wood components.”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of biochar as an additive in organic waste composting
Sanchez-Monedero, M. A., Cayuela, M. L., Roig, A., Jindo, K., Mondini, C., & Bolan, N. S. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.193 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Fan, S., Tang, J., Wang, Y. N., Li, H., Zhang, H., Tang, J., Wang, Z., & Li, X. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.107 · Cited by 476 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A higher temperature of this process can improve the sorption capacity of biochars [71].”
BackgroundBiochar for composting improvement and contaminants reduction. A review
Godlewska, P., Schmidt, H., Ok, Y. S., & Oleszczuk, P. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.095 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Xiao, R., Awasthi, M. K., Li, R., Park, J. H., Pensky, S., Wang, Q., Wang, J. J., & Zhang, Z. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.090 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Zama, E. F., Zhu, Y., Reid, B. J., & Sun, G.-X. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.125 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Utilization of sludge based adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants: A review
Devi, P., & Saroha, A. K. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.220 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Li, S., & Chen, G. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.048 · Cited by 284 · cited 9× · see citing works
“A pyrolysis temperature of 600 ◦C or higher could cause the breaking of many double C=C bonds, resulting in a decrease in the content of structures with C=C bonds in the biochar [48].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCharacteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption by Mg-loaded biochar from different feedstocks
Jiang, Y.-H., Li, A.-Y., Deng, H., Ye, C.-H., Wu, Y.-Q., Linmu, Y.-D., & Hang, H.-L. (2019) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.079 · Cited by 282 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A large specific surface area, porosity, ion exchange capacity and thermal stability of biochars affect their sorption properties [69].”
BackgroundBoateng, A., García-Pérez, M., Masek, O., Brown, R., & del Campo, B. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203762264-11 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Biochar for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal: Sorption performance and governing mechanisms
Zhang, X., Gao, B., Zheng, Y., Hu, X., Creamer, A. E., Annable, M. D., & Li, Y. C. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.025 · Cited by 274 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition to the specific surface, the presence of non-carbonized organic matter, hydrophobicity and aromaticity of biochars also affect the sorption of specific components [11,66].”
BackgroundEffect of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on properties of biochar governing end use efficacy
Zhang, H., Chen, C. R., Gray, E. M., & Boyd, S. E. (2017) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.024 · Cited by 272 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Therefore, in order to obtain a product with the expected properties, the type of feedstock and the parameters of the pyrolysis process have to be appropriately combined [8,36].”
BackgroundTang, Y., Alam, M. S., Konhauser, K. O., Alessi, D. S., Xu, S., Tian, W., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.268 · Cited by 271 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used for the sorption of contaminants, among others, from aqueous solutions [47,65,67,68].”
BackgroundJin, J., Wang, M., Cao, Y., Wu, S., Liang, P., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Wong, M. H., Shan, S., et al. (2016) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.103 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Lü, F., Zhang, H., Shao, L., Chen, D., & He, P. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09406 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Awasthi, M., Ren, X.-N., Zhao, J.-C., Li, R., Wang, Z., Wang, M.-J., Chen, H., & Zhang, Z.-Q. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.015 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Effects of biochar amendment on ammonia emission during composting of sewage sludge
Malinska, K. A., Zabochnicka-Świątek, M., & Dach, J. (2014) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.012 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Biomass pyrolysis for chemicals
de Wild, P. J., Reith, H., & Heeres, E. (2011) · Biofuels · doi:10.4155/bfs.10.88 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Srinivasan, P., Sarmah, A. K., Smernik, R. J., Das, O., Farid, M. M., & Gao, W. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.068 · Cited by 196 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In the case of biochar with small specific surface area, this property can be compensated for by the presence of C–O groups and have a positive effect on its sorption properties [88].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of biochar on nitrogen transformation and heavy metals in sludge composting
Liu, W., Huo, R., Xu, J., Liang, S., Li, J., Zhao, T., & Wang, S. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.052 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Xu, D., Cao, J., Li, Y., Howard, A., & Yu, K. (2019) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.049 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Agyarko-Mintah, E., Cowie, A., Singh, B. P., Joseph, S., ZWIETEN, L. V., Cowie, A., Harden, S., & Smillie, R. (2016) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.027 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Víglašová, E., Galamboš, M., Danková, Z., Krivosudský, L., Lengauer, C. L., Hood-Nowotny, R. C., Soja, G., Rompel, A., Matík, M., & Briančin, J. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.005 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Manyà, J. J., Azuara, M., & Manso, J. A. (2018) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.07.019 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Characterization of biochar prepared from biogas digestate.
Hung, C.-Y., Tsai, W., Chen, J.-W., Lin, Y.-Q., & Chang, Y.-M. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.034 · Cited by 174 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Analyzing the effect of temperature on the specific surface area of biochars, Hung et al. (2017) [3] found a rapid increase in the BET specific surface area from 6 m2·g−1 at a temperature of 700 ◦C to 102 m2·g−1 when the pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 800 ◦C. Ahmad et al.…”
BackgroundCo-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and manure
Ruiz‐Gómez, N., Coquil, V. Q., Ábrego, J., Atienza‐Martínez, M., Murillo, M. B., & Gea, G. (2016) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.013 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The differences in biochar yields from different wastes results from their different chemical characteristics related, among others, to ash content [50] or lignin content [86].”
BackgroundJanczak, D., Malińska, K., Czekała, W., Cáceres, R., Lewicki, A., & Dach, J. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.033 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Adsorption of selected organic micro-pollutants on sewage sludge biochar
Regkouzas, P., & Diamadopoulos, E. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.165 · Cited by 165 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used for the sorption of contaminants, among others, from aqueous solutions [47,65,67,68].”
BackgroundEffect of biochar and humic acid on the copper, lead, and cadmium passivation during composting
Zhou, H., HaiBo, M., Zhao, L., Shen, Y., Hou, Y., Cheng, H., & Song, L. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.086 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Xu, G., Yang, X., & Spinosa, L. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Pyrolysis biochar systems for recovering biodegradable materials: A life cycle carbon assessment
Ibarrola, R., Shackley, S. J., & Hammond, J. (2011) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.005 · Cited by 141 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Slow pyrolysis can enhance phosphorus availability, which is favorable for the use of biochars [14,17,18] and is able to generate carbon abatement by the treatment of any type of waste [19].”
BackgroundReducing nitrogen loss and phytotoxicity during beer vinasse composting with biochar addition
Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Cui, H., & Wei, Z. (2016) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.024 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Application of biomass fast pyrolysis part I: Pyrolysis characteristics and products
Yang, S.-I., Wu, M.-S., & Wu, C.-Y. (2014) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.063 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These results confirm the dependence of the pyrolysis process yields on the type of substrate subjected to conversion, as also demonstrated by [45,50,84].”
ResultHu, X., Guo, H., Gholizadeh, M., Sattari, B., & Liu, Q. (2018) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.10.021 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kleemann, R., Chenoweth, J., Clift, R., Morse, S., Pearce, P., & Saroj, D. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.055 · Cited by 117
Influence of fast pyrolysis conditions on yield and structural transformation of biomass chars
Trubetskaya, A., Jensen, P. A., Jensen, A. D., Steibel, M., Spliethoff, H., & Glarborg, P. (2015) · doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.034 · Cited by 112 · cited 1×
“The use and positive effect of biochars depend on its properties [10,48] and, in turn, these primarily result from the type of substrate used for its production, the pyrolysis temperature [10,48–53] and the heating rate [7,54].”
BackgroundBatool, S., Idrees, M., Hussain, Q., & Kong, J. (2017) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2017.10.016 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, heavy metals from water or wastewater [13].”
BackgroundAhmed, M. J., & Hameed, B. H. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.257 · Cited by 108 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In addition to the specific surface, the presence of non-carbonized organic matter, hydrophobicity and aromaticity of biochars also affect the sorption of specific components [11,66].”
BackgroundCharacterization of char from the pyrolysis of tobacco.
Sharma, R. K., Wooten, J., Baliga, V., Martoglio-Smith, P. A., & Hajaligol, M. (2002) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0107398 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effects of biochar amendments on soil phosphorus transformation in agricultural soils
Li, F., Liang, X., Niyungeko, C., Sun, T., Liu, F., & Arai, Y. (2019) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2019.07.002 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Slow pyrolysis can enhance phosphorus availability, which is favorable for the use of biochars [14,17,18] and is able to generate carbon abatement by the treatment of any type of waste [19].”
BackgroundEfika, C. E., Onwudili, J., & Williams, P. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.021 · Cited by 98 · cited 5×
“The use and positive effect of biochars depend on its properties [10,48] and, in turn, these primarily result from the type of substrate used for its production, the pyrolysis temperature [10,48–53] and the heating rate [7,54].”
BackgroundInfluentialTechnical feasibility and carbon footprint of biochar co-production with tomato plant residue
Llorach-Massana, P., López‐Capél, E., Peña, J., Rieradevall, J., Montero, J. I., & Puy, N. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.021 · Cited by 98 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other authors [1,85] have come to similar conclusions, demonstrating that the pyrolysis temperature within the range of 350 to 400 ◦C is the optimum temperature enabling the yield at a level of 45–35% to be achieved in the biochar production from plant crop residues.”
ResultBavariani, M. Z., Ronaghi, A., & Ghasemi, R. (2019) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2018.1563101 · Cited by 97 · cited 10× · see citing works
“An increase in the pyrolysis temperature activated the processes of the conversion of organic components (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) and the release of volatile substances [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialThermal stability of biochar and its effects on cadmium sorption capacity
Qi, F., Yan, Y., Lamb, D., Naidu, R., Bolan, N. S., Liu, Y., Ok, Y. S., Donne, S. W., & Semple, K. T. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.033 · Cited by 97 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Mineral components can ensure metal sorption as a result of electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface complexation and precipitation of metal sediments by releasing soluble ions [72].”
BackgroundXu, X.-Y., Zhao, B., Sun, M., Chen, X., Zhang, M., Li, H., & Xu, S. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.012 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Waste pyrolysis, especially high-temperature pyrolysis [20], can be an effective means of fixing metals in the process products, which can be of large importance for the treatment, among others, of sewage sludge often contaminated by heavy metals.”
BackgroundZhao, B., Xu, R., Ma, F., Li, Y., & Wang, L. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.020 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used as additives improving soil properties [33–35], reducing [36] the bioavailability of contaminants [37], enhancing plant growth and yield [33,34], and affecting the mobility of heavy metals [8,38–42] and their accumulation in plant biomass [43].”
BackgroundBhowmick, G. D., Sarmah, A., & Sen, R. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Maurer, D., Koziel, J. A., Kalus, K., Andersen, D. S., & Opaliński, S. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9060929 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Li, J., Cao, L., Yuan, Y., Wang, R., Wen, Y., & Man, J. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.120 · Cited by 88 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The authors of [53] found a much larger BET specific surface area for biochars produced from maize straw at a temperature of 600 ◦C, i.”
BackgroundKończak, M., & Oleszczuk, P. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123144 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The type of gas used in the pyrolysis process may affect properties of the obtained products [55].”
BackgroundUse of Biochar Produced from Elephant Grass by Pyrolysis in a Screw Reactor as a Soil Amendment
Ferreira, S. D., Manera, C., Silvestre, W. P., Pauletti, G. F., Altafini, C. R., & Godinho, M. (2018) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0347-1 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used as additives improving soil properties [33–35], reducing [36] the bioavailability of contaminants [37], enhancing plant growth and yield [33,34], and affecting the mobility of heavy metals [8,38–42] and their accumulation in plant biomass [43].”
BackgroundCharacterization of organic compounds in biochars derived from municipal solid waste.
Taherymoosavi, S., Verheyen, V., Munroe, P., Joseph, S., & Reynolds, A. J. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.052 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“Signals corresponding to the vibrations in the range of approximately 1430 cm−1 could be attributed to the bending vibrations of C = C and/or saturated C–H in lignin and carbohydrates [4].”
BackgroundMandal, S., Sarkar, B., Igalavithana, A. D., Ok, Y. S., Yang, X. L., Lombi, E., & Bolan, N. S. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.073 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Activated carbon has the specific surface area of up to 1000 m2·g−1; therefore, it seems necessary to apply activation processes in order to attain the large specific surface area of biochars [46,73].”
BackgroundEl-Banna, M. F., Mosa, A. A., Gao, B., Yin, X., Ahmad, Z., & Wang, H. (2018) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.052 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mohammadi, A., Cowie, A., Mai, T. L. A., Brandão, M., de la Rosa, R. A., Kristiansen, P. E., & Joseph, S. D. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.026 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Yao, S., Li, X., Cheng, H., Zhang, C., Bian, Y., Jiang, X., & Song, Y. (2019) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122081 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used for the sorption of contaminants, among others, from aqueous solutions [47,65,67,68].”
BackgroundDunnigan, L., Morton, B. J., Ashman, P. J., Zhang, X., & Kwong, P. C. W. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.004 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other authors [1,85] have come to similar conclusions, demonstrating that the pyrolysis temperature within the range of 350 to 400 ◦C is the optimum temperature enabling the yield at a level of 45–35% to be achieved in the biochar production from plant crop residues.”
ResultOleszczuk, P., Rycaj, M., Lehmann, J. C., & Cornelissen, G. (2012) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.03.015 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used as additives improving soil properties [33–35], reducing [36] the bioavailability of contaminants [37], enhancing plant growth and yield [33,34], and affecting the mobility of heavy metals [8,38–42] and their accumulation in plant biomass [43].”
BackgroundRoberts, D. A., Cole, A. J., Whelan, A., de Nys, R., & Paul, N. A. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.012 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Slow pyrolysis can enhance phosphorus availability, which is favorable for the use of biochars [14,17,18] and is able to generate carbon abatement by the treatment of any type of waste [19].”
BackgroundBai, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiewen, N., Wang, X., & Zhou, X. (2017) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-017-9906-0 · Cited by 55 · cited 2× · see citing works
“52% biochar yield of the pyrolysis of poultry manure at a temperature of 400 ◦C, while the authors of [12] attained a 49% biochar yield.”
BackgroundGutiérrez, M., Siles, J. A., Diz, J., Chica, A., & Martín, M. A. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.045 · Cited by 54
Mia, S., Uddin, M. E., Kader, M. A., Ahsan, A., Mannan, M. A., Hossain, M. M., & Solaiman, Z. M. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.038 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhao, B., Xu, H., Zhang, T., Nan, X., & Ma, F. (2018) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c8ra06382f · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These groups are of large importance for the formation of organometallic complexes immobilizing heavy metals in soil (Pb (II), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Cd (II)) [9,41,92].”
BackgroundGiudicianni, P., Pindozzi, S., Grottola, C. M., Stanzione, F., Faugno, S., Fagnano, M., Fiorentino, N., & Ragucci, R. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.031 · Cited by 50 · cited 7× · see citing works
“(2017) [60] achieved a wide specific surface range for biochars produced from plant biomass, which, however, had been earlier subject to the impact of steam.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClosing nutrient cycles with biochar- from filtration to fertilizer
Barber, S. T., Yin, J., Draper, K., & Trabold, T. A. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.136 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These products could be incorporated into the environmental cycle while, at the same time, closing the nutrient cycles [6].”
BackgroundThe Use of Biochar for the Production of Organic Fertilizers
Czekała, W., Jeżowska, A., & Chełkowski, D. (2019) · Journal of Ecological Engineering · doi:10.12911/22998993/93869 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Biochars can be used as additives improving soil properties [33–35], reducing [36] the bioavailability of contaminants [37], enhancing plant growth and yield [33,34], and affecting the mobility of heavy metals [8,38–42] and their accumulation in plant biomass [43].”
BackgroundSchulzki, G., Nüßlein, B., & Sievers, H. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.093 · Cited by 37 · cited 1×
“These groups are of large importance for the formation of organometallic complexes immobilizing heavy metals in soil (Pb (II), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Cd (II)) [9,41,92].”
BackgroundWystalska, K., Malińska, K., Włodarczyk, R., & Chajczyk, O. (2018) · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20184400197 · Cited by 18
Self-citationVaughn, S., Dinelli, F. D., Kenar, J., Jackson, M., Thomas, A. J., & Peterson, S. C. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.009 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, CH2 and CH3), present in aliphatic compounds [49], was observed in the case of biochar produced at any temperature (400, 500, 600, 700 °C) in the range of approximately 3032–2915 cm−1 of the FTIR spectrum (Figure 4).”
BackgroundMolenda, J., Swat, M., & Osuch-Słomka, E. (2018) · Engineering and Protection of Environment · doi:10.17512/ios.2018.3.7 · Cited by 11 · cited 3×
“The signals observed, corresponding to the wave number in the range of approximately 1576 cm−1, might be related to the vibrations of the C=C grouping in an aromatic ring, coupled with the C=O carbonyl group [91]; this could indicate the generation of products with their structure containing an organooxygen structural…”
BackgroundInfluentialCharacterization of bio char derived from tapioca skin
Hasnan, F., Iamail, K. N., Musa, M., Jaapar, J., Alwi, H., & Hamid, K. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/334/1/012016 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
15 of the 96 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [15]Malińska K. Dach J. Biochar as a supplementary material for biogas production Ecol. Eng. 2015 41 117 124 (In Polish) 10.12912/23920629/1835 · DOI
- [46]Franciski M.A. Peres E.C. Godinho M. Perondi D. Foletto E.L. Collazzo G.C. Dotto G.L. Development of CO2 activetd biochar from solid waste of a beer industry and its application for methylene blue adsorption Waste Manag. 2018 78 630 638 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.040 32559954 · DOI
- [61]Shoi S. Lopez-Capel E. Krull E. Bol R. Biochar climate and soil, A review to guide future research CSIRO Land Water Sci. Rep. 2009 5 1 59
- [63]Dai Y. Zhang N. Chuanming X. Cui Q. Sun Q. The adsorption, regeneration and engineering application of biochar for removal organic pollutants Chemosphere 2019 223 12 27 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.161 30763912 · DOI · Paper page
- [77]Rittl T.F. Butterbach-Bahl K. Basile C.M. Pereira L.A. Alms V. Dannenmann M. Couto E.G. Ceri C.E.P. Greenhouse gas emissions from soil amended with agricultural residua biochars: Effects of feedstock type, production temperature and soil moisture Biomass Bioenergy 2017 117 1 9 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.07.004 · DOI · Paper page
- [87]EBC European Biochar Certificate—Guidelines for Sustainable Production of Biochar. European Biochar Foundation EBC Arbaz, Switzerland 2012 Available online: http://www.european-biochar.org/en/download (accessed on 30 August 2018) 10.13140/RG.2.1.4658.7043 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Xiang, L., Harindintwali, J. D., Wang, F., Redmile-Gordon, M. A., Chang, S. X., Fu, Y., He, C., Muhoza, B., Brahushi, F., Bolan, N. S., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c02976 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Impact of pyrolysis process conditions on the structure of biochar obtained from apple waste
Barszcz, W., Łożyńska, M., & Molenda, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61394-8 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“H bond 48–50 .”
Enhancing the Potential of Polymer Composites Using Biochar as a Filler: A Review
Aboughaly, M., Babaei‐Ghazvini, A., Dhar, P., Patel, R., & Acharya, B. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15193981 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Therefore, optimal charring temperatures and residence times should be specified to produce biochar with high intra-porosity [155].”
BackgroundAltıkat, A., Alma, M. H., Altıkat, A., Bilgili, M. E., & Altıkat, S. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020937 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Xue, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, X., Kamali, M., Aminabhavi, T. M., Appels, L., & Dewil, R. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137896 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Adsorption of vanadium (V) ions from the aqueous solutions on different biomass-derived biochars
Kończyk, J., Kluziak, K., & Kołodyńska, D. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114958 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Acclimatized activated sludge for enhanced phenolic wastewater treatment using pinewood biochar
Kamali, M., Aminabhavi, T. M., Tarelho, L. A. C., Hellemans, R., Cuypers, J., Capela, I., Costa, M. E. V., Dewil, R., & Appels, L. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131708 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biomass Conversion to Biochar: Experimental and Kinetic Modeling
Călin, C., Sȋrbu, E.-E., Tănase, M., Győrgy, R., Popovici, D. R., & Banu, I. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14219856 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The emerging role of biochar in the carbon materials family for hydrogen production
Bhakta, A. K., Fiorenza, R., Jlassi, K., Mekhalif, Z., Ali, A. M. A., & Chehimi, M. M. (2022) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2022.09.028 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Physical-Chemical Characterization of Different Carbon-Based Sorbents for Environmental Applications
Marzeddu, S., Décima, M. A., Camilli, L., Bracciale, M. P., Genova, V., Paglia, L., Marra, F., Damizia, M., Stoller, M., Chiavola, A., et al. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15207162 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“1%, 1%, 5%, and 10% by mass) were added to 45 mL of ultrapure water at a known initial pH: as the quantity of carbonaceous material increases, the equilibrium pH of the solution tends progressively to an asymptotic value, which is, in fact, the point of zero charges (pHPZC) [98,99].”
BackgroundTannery waste-derived biochar as a carrier of micronutrients essential to plants
Skrzypczak, D., Szopa, D., Mikula, K., Izydorczyk, G., Baśladyńska, S., Hoppe, V., Pstrowska, K., Wzorek, Z., Kominko, H., Kułażyński, M., et al. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133720 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Functionalized biochar from waste as a slow-release nutrient source: Application on tomato plants
Rosa, D., Petruccelli, V., Iacobbi, M. C., Brasili, E., Badiali, C., Pasqua, G., & Palma, L. D. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29455 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Additionally, hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and inorganic mineral substances evaporation contribute to an increase in specific surface area and pores formation resulting in a porous structure in biochar, as reported by several authors [57 – 59].”
BackgroundVeeramalai, S., Ramlee, N. N., Mahdi, H. I., Manas, N. H. A., Ramli, A. N. M., Illias, R. M., & Azelee, N. I. W. (2022) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114823 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jatuwong, K., Aiduang, W., Kiatsiriroat, T., Kamopas, W., & Lumyong, S. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15020284 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Namaswa, T., Burslem, D. F. R. P., & Smith, J. (2023) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101641 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Valenga, M. G. P., Martins, G., Martins, T. A. C., Didek, L. K., Gevaerd, A., Junior, L. H. M., & Bergamini, M. F. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159797 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wu, L., Ren, L., Li, J., Li, X., Yang, S., Song, Y., & Li, X. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128147 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Śpitalniak, M., Bogacz, A., & Zięba, Z. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14216658 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“According to the research, a higher temperature of pyrolysis leads to an increase of specific surface area, which subsequently results in increased levels of water absorption in soil [28,37].”
BackgroundEfficient copper removal using low-cost H3PO4 impregnated red-gram biochar-MnO2 nanocomposites
Siddiqui, S., Bhatnagar, P., Sireesha, S., Sopanrao, K. S., & Sreedhar, I. (2022) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101304 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pochampally, S. V., Krishnaswamy, P., Obra, C., Mortazavian, S., Marti, E., & Moon, J. (2023) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101465 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sireesha, S., & Sreedhar, I. (2023) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101486 · Cited by 18
Noman, S., Manokar, A., Mahapatra, S., Purushothaman, R., El-Sebaey, M., & Alrashidi, A. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.121319 · Cited by 17
Abyaneh, M. R., Aliasghar, A., Bidhendi, G. N., Zand, A. D., & Moazeni, K. (2024) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2024.101631 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Somboon, S., Schlichenmaier, S., Thumanu, K., Pakawanit, P., Yodda, S., Sukitprapanon, T., & Lawongsa, P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08772-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Biochar is a C-rich solid product generated through the thermal decomposition of biomass, a process governed by key factors such as pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and feedstock composition 29–31 .”
Chebbi, M., Ounoki, S., Youcef, L., Chergui, F. N., & Amrane, A. (2024) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2024.101565 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
García-Ávila, F., Galarza-Guamán, A., Barros-Bermeo, M., Paredes, E. A. A., Avilés, Á., & Iglesias-Abad, S. (2023) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-023-00256-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It means that it is less prone to breakdown or thermal degradation when it is exposed to high temperatures in subsequent applications (Wystalska and Kwarciak-Kozłowska 2021).”
BackgroundMoussa, O., & makkawi, Y. T. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.108928 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exploring Biochar Briquettes from Biomass Waste for Sustainable Energy
Heriyanti, A. P., Bakri, S. N. S., Jabbar, A., Kholil, P. A., Amelia, R. N., Savitri, E. N., Rifa'atunnisa, Dewi, S. H., & Sultan, H. (2025) · Advance Sustainable Science, Engineering and Technology · doi:10.26877/7mhm6t05 · Cited by 9
“Pyrolysis Conditions : The biomass was carbonized in a furnace under limited oxygen conditions at 500°C for 4 hours [31].”
Enhancing denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation for nitrogen removal with low-temperature biochar
Chong, W., Wang, S., Cheng, J., Lou, X., Wan, X., Sun, X., Wang, M., Kuang, S., Chen, H., & Liu, S. (2025) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132322 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Adsorption Properties of Fishbone and Fishbone-Derived Biochar for Cadmium in Aqueous Solution
Pei, N., Luo, W., Huang, Q., & Sun, Y. (2024) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14112717 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kowalik-Klimczak, A., Lozynska, M., Życki, M., & Woźniak, B. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17225649 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Akram, M., Bano, Z., Bhutto, S. U. A., Majeed, M. K., Pan, J., Li, L.-R., Xia, M.-Z., & Wang, F.-Y. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127808 · Cited by 6
Legan, M., Štukovnik, P., Zupan, K., & Gotvajn, A. Ž. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18040876 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gavrilaş, S., Chereji, B.-D., & Munteanu, F. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14071076 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shaikhiev, I., Sverguzova, S., Shaikhieva, K., & Deberdeev, T. R. (2023) · Polymer Science Series D · doi:10.1134/s1995421223030346 · Cited by 4
Al-Gaashani, R., Shahid, O., Wada, O. Z., Simson, S., Gomez, T., Pasha, M., Elhassan, O., Suwailem, A., Rasool, K., Mckay, G., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-54140-9 · Cited by 3
“Lower temperatures (300–400 °C) favor higher yield and functional groups, while higher temperatures (500–700 °C) enhance carbonization and surface area 33,34 .”
Wystalska, K., Kowalczyk, M., Kamizela, T., Worwąg, M., & Zabochnicka-Świątek, M. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17112646 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Bonds of this type are usually broken down during the process carried out at temperatures of 600 ◦ C and higher, which results in the loss of this type of structure in pyrolysis products [28,78].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKilowasid, L. M. H., Alam, S., Rakian, T. C., Ansar, N. A., Nurfadillah, N., Ramdan, N. H., Jaya, I., Suryana, Agustin, W., Rahni, N. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management · doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2024.113.5585 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suter, E. K., & Masindi, V. (2026) · Discover Environment · doi:10.1007/s44274-026-00977-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lozynska, M., Molenda, J., Kozdrach, R., Radulski, P., Dziosa, K., & Makowska, M. (2026) · Industrial crops and products (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122913 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eamrat, R., Pussayanavin, T., Kamei, T., & Fakkaew, K. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research · doi:10.1007/s41742-025-00987-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kowalik-Klimczak, A., Życki, M., Łożyńska, M., & Barszcz, W. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17041637 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Winata, W., & Yanti, I. (2023) · EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis · doi:10.20885/eksakta.vol4.iss1.art3 · Cited by 2
“Wystalska and Kwarciak-Kozlowska (2021) found that the higher pyrolysis temperature will make the surface area of the sample greater [22].”
BackgroundCavitated Charcoal—An Innovative Method for Affecting the Biochemical Properties of Soil
Gondek, K., Mierzwa–Hersztek, M., Grzymala, W., Głąb, T., & Bajda, T. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14092466 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Their effect is also conditioned by, among others, the type of feedstock, production conditions, material rate, location of tests and the type of plant cultivated [2,15,16].”
BackgroundLi, C., Yin, J., Chen, B., Dang, C., Zhu, X., Zhang, Z., Ma, J., Shen, B., & Yuan, H. (2026) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2026.139532 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ganesan, A., Barnabé, S., Langlois, S., Rezazgui, O., Bareha, Y., & Boussabbeh, C. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19133097 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Soomro, A., Koçer, A. T., & Balkanlı, D. (2026) · Bioresources and Bioprocessing · doi:10.1186/s40643-026-01067-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…to the cereal-based tarhana dough— have been pyrolysed at 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C; at 400– 500 °C, the resulting biochars show a useful compromise between yield, increasing carbon content, rising pH and the gradual development of surface area (Wystalska and Kwarciak-Kozłowska 2021).”
Potential Application of Ferrate-Modified Commercial Biochar to Control Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide
Kim, Y., & Kim, S.-H. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16105140 · Cited by 1
alami, S. E., Belaabed, R., Ibaghlin, H., Boualam, O., elknidri, H., Addaou, A., & Laajeb, A. (2026) · Chemistry Africa · doi:10.1007/s42250-026-01671-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Radwan, N., Hassan, M. A., Awad, A., Hassan, M., & Marzouk, E. R. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18094247 · Cited by 1
Redda, Z. T., Prinz, C., Yimam, A., Barz, M., Becker, K., Gizaw, D. G., & Lass-Seyoum, A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-32063-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mobasser, S., Olanrewaju, T. O., Jafvert, C. T., Johnston, C. T., & Engelberth, A. S. (2025) · Bioresources and Bioproducts · doi:10.3390/bioresourbioprod1010005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Similarly, Wystalska & Kwarciak-Kozłowska [41] observed that increasing pyrolysis temperature across multiple lignocellulosic feedstocks resulted in a marked increase in soil surface area due to intensified devolatilization and pore formation mechanisms.”
Collins, B. A., Birzer, C. H., Kidd, S. P., Hall, T., & Medwell, P. R. (2025) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102219 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Removal of Bunker Oil in Contaminated Seawater Using Biochar from Chicken Bones Via Slow Pyrolysis
Decembrano, K. M., Hamor, M. A. K., Sison, D., Binay, J. D., Roque, E. C., Rubi, R. V. C., & Olay, J. G. (2024) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1318/1/012026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modeling the kinetics of pyrolysis of date seeds using artificial neural networks
Felobes, R. A., & Abadir, M. F. (2024) · Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development · doi:10.21622/resd.2024.10.1.811 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Its use as adsorbing material necessitates, however, increasing the temperature to more than 600 o C to ensure the formation of enough porosity to allow for its use to that aim [54].”
Agbebunmi, T., Kisiela-Czajka, A. M., Czajka, K., & Michalak, I. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109452 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Madu, A., & Letshwenyo, M. W. (2026) · Biofuels · doi:10.1080/17597269.2026.2742626
Enhanced Diclofenac Removal From Aqueous Solution Using Activated Betel Nut Husk Biochar
Arya, S., Kamble, R. T., Remya, N., & Sujana, M. G. (2026) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.74560
Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine Wood Residues: A Temperature-Based Study
Mammadova, T., Ahmadova, G., Aliyeva, N., & Mammadova, E. (2026) · Periodica Polytechnica: Chemical Engineering · doi:10.3311/ppch.43653
“Lignin is the most ther - mally stable component of biomass and decomposes over a broader temperature range than cellulose and hemicel - lulose, thereby contributing significantly to char forma - tion [88–91].”
Click-Functionalized Biochar as a Spacer-Engineered Interface for Electrochemical Biosensing
Licheri, A., Mattarelli, V., Bartolucci, L., Cancelliere, R., Mazzuca, C., Mele, P., Orlanducci, S., Micheli, L., & Salvio, R. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6c01575
Kaiaidarova, A. K., Bobrova, V., Kasperovich, A., Lezhnev, S. N., Panin, E., Nechipurenko, S., & Efremov, S. (2026) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym18161967
“However, in a study [107], as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 700 ◦ C for beech wood chips, walnut shells, and wheat straw, there was a decrease in the intensity of the C=C bond valence vibration signals, which was attributed to the fact that high temperatures can lead to the…”
InfluentialSharma, A., Shivanna, J. M., Rujiralai, T., & Hegde, G. (2026) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-026-07241-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Date Palm Fronds and Chicken Manure Biochar with Carbon Nanotubes for Capacitive Deionization
Kyaw, H. H., Jellali, S., Al-Abri, M. Z., Al-Raeesi, A., Al-Wardy, M., & Myint, M. T. Z. (2026) · Water · doi:10.3390/w18151808
Ali, R. A. H. I. A., Olou, B. A., Lestremau, F., Brienza, M., Chirón, S., & Sauvêtre, A. (2026) · Water · doi:10.3390/w18131531
Gouveia, R., Almeida, Â., Sousa, É., Gil, M. V., da Silva, F. A., & Calisto, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2026.1814099
Kushwaha, K., & Kumari, K. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-09383-7
Unoka, E. C., Iyasele, J., Uwidia, I. E., Lobb, K., & Nnaji, N. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2026.109358
Bivareh, M., Mahmoudi, N., Younesi, H., & Safari, O. (2026) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743805
Odeh, S., Singer, R. J., & Ghazal, H. S. (2025) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104374
Bianasari, A. A., Bakar, M. S. A., Khaled, M. S., Saepurahman, S., Mansur, D., & Азад, А. К. (2025) · International Journal of Renewable Energy Development · doi:10.61435/ijred.2026.61234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Previous studies indicate that higher pyrolysis temperatures result in a decrease in the yield of bio-char formation (Devi, 2014; Mujtaba et al., 2023; Wystalska & Kwarciak-Kozłowska, 2021) .”
Wahyuni, T., Purwantana, B., Ngadisih, Martini, T., Susilawati, H. L., Meidaliyantisyah, M., Dewi, R. E. P., Maftukhah, R., Keiblinger, K. M., & Sasongko, N. A. (2025) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1469/1/012035
- Authors
- Wystalska, K., & Kwarciak-Kozłowska, A.
- Affiliations
- Częstochowa University of Technology (PL)
- Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
- Corresponding author
- Wystalska, Katarzyna
- Venue
- Materials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-27
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1644
- ISSN
- 1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8037663
- OpenAlex
- W3143371710
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- biochar, pyrolysis temperature, biodegradable waste, walnut shell, carbon content, ash content, BET surface area, surface functional groups, C-O bond, sorption capacity, total organic carbon, pH, circular economy, biomass valorization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
