Hemp Fibre Properties and Processing Target Textile: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Over the last several decades, Cannabis sativa L. has become one of the most fashionable plants. To use the hemp potential for the development of a sustainable textile bio-product sector, it is necessary to learn about the effect of the processes creating hemp’s value chain on fibre properties. This review presents a multi-perspective approach to industrial hemp as a resource delivering textile fibres. This article extensively explores the current development of hemp fibre processes including methods of fibre extraction and processing and comprehensive fibre characteristics to indicate the challenges and opportunities regarding Cannabis sativa L. Presented statistics prove the increasing interest worldwide in hemp raw material and hemp-based bio-products. This article discusses the most relevant findings in terms of the effect of the retting processes on the composition of chemical fibres resulting in specific fibre properties. Methods of fibre extraction include dew retting, water retting, osmotic degumming, enzymatic retting, steam explosion and mechanical decortication to decompose pectin, lignin and hemicellulose to remove them from the stem with varying efficiency. This determines further processes and proves the diversity of ways to produce yarn by employing different spinning systems such as linen spinning, cotton and wool spinning technology with or without the use of the decortication process. The aim of this study is to provide knowledge for better understanding of the textile aspects of hemp fibres and their relationship to applied technological processes.
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Primary markets for bast fibers include textiles, construction, paper, and molded plastics in the automotive industry, with a very large concentration in composite wood products.
“Primary markets for bast fibers include textiles, construction, paper, and molded plastics in the automotive industry with a very large concentration in composite wood products (Kiruthika 2017; Zimniewska 2022).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Zimniewska 2022
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes hemp fibres used in composites mainly for automotive and construction purposes, and also in textiles. It does not establish paper or molded plastics as primary bast-fibre markets, or a very large concentration in composite wood products. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDew retting and water retting are the most common retting methods.
“There are various ways to carry out the retting, and among them, dew retting and water retting are the most common (United States Department of Agriculture 2000; Zimniewska 2022).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Zimniewska 2022
Section 3.1 says dew retting is currently the most common method for flax and hemp. Section 3.2 describes water retting as the oldest method and says it is still practiced in some countries, but does not identify it as one of the most common methods. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWater retting, which immerses hemp stalks in large basins of water, is faster than field retting, taking only 5 to 10 days.
“Water retting, which immerses hemp stalks in large basins of water, is faster than field retting, taking only 5 to 10 days (Franck 2005; Zimniewska 2022).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Zimniewska 2022
Section 3.2 says hemp stems are submerged in water tanks or pools for five to seven days and that water retting is shorter than field retting. But it also gives one to two weeks as the duration needed for adequate water retting, so the claim that the process takes only 5 to 10 days is too narrow. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRetting is a microbial process that breaks down the chemical bonds between bast fiber bundles and hurds, enabling separation of hurds from bast fibers by degrading lignin or pectin.
“Retting (Fig. 6a) is a microbial process that breaks down the chemical bonds between bast fiber bundles and hurds. By degrading lignin or pectin; retting enables the separation of hurds from the bast fibers (Ehrensing 1998; Fortenbery and Bennett 2001; Zimniewska 2022).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Zimniewska 2022
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“Water retting, which immerses hemp stalks in large basins of water, is faster than field retting, taking only 5 to 10 days (Franck 2005; Zimniewska 2022).”
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A review of high-performance fiber concrete for airport pavements
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Use of Ionic Liquids for Hemp Fiber Degumming
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Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp
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Assessing the Impact of Drought Stress on Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Fibers
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Analysing the Impact of the Bleaching Process on Wet Spun Hemp Yarn Properties
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A Mini Review of Natural Cellulosic Fibers
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Effects of Pectinase on Bacterial Succession during Hemp Retting
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Enzymatic degumming of hemp: a literature review
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Mould susceptibility of bio-based insulation materials in modern construction
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Physical & mechanical and chemical properties on papaya tree bast fibers from different portions
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Hemp Fibres: Essentials, Composites or Nanocomposites and Technical Applications
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Hop stems, a new fibrous bioresource
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Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
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Improved coloration of hemp fabrics via low-pressure argon plasma assisted surface modification
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Exploring the effect of hemp fibers’ addition on the properties of PLA/PPAd biodegradable blends
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Clarification of Bio-Degumming Enzymes Based on a Visual Analysis of the Hemp Roving Structure
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Novel Lab‐Scale System for Lyocell Fiber Manufacturing
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Physical and Mechanical Characterization of Flax Fibers: From Elementary Fiber to Yarn
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Bast Fiber Textiles Addressed Improvement of Human Life
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Self-citationThermal Comfort Properties of Biodegradable Hemp and Polylactide Fiber Knitted Fabrics
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- Authors
- Zimniewska, M.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
- Venue
- Materials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1901
- ISSN
- 1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8911747
- OpenAlex
- W4214822727
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Textile materials and evaluations
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Dyeing and Modifying Textile Fibers
- Keywords
- industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa, fiber extraction, retting, dew retting, water retting, enzymatic retting, steam explosion, fiber spinning, yarn spinning, bio-based textiles, sustainable textiles, fiber chemical composition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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