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Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.
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![Figure 1 Pathways for the carotenogenesis and biosynthesis of astaxanthin, based on Han et al. [27], Dambek et al. [48] and Takaichi [29], and the synthesis of fucoxanthin and diadinoxanthin in diatoms [61], including P. tricornutum, proposed by Dambek and colleagues [48]. The genes and enzymes involved in the process and already identified in some microalgae are evidenced; the underlined ones were reported by Bertrand [61].](/paper-figures/b9711cfdbed74c46a10637d873c53950/carotenoids-from-marine-microalgae-a-valuable-natural-source-for-the-prevention-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 Cascade triggered within a cell by O2•− (superoxide radical) generated mainly by NADPH oxidase. Some reactions with lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) are also included (dashed arrows; M = transition metal) [58,63,64,65].](/paper-figures/8fa8cb3fe18148efb5796d601b1743f5/carotenoids-from-marine-microalgae-a-valuable-natural-source-for-the-prevention-figure-2.jpg)
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“Among these, astaxanthin from H. pluvialis is particularly potent, showing antioxidant activity thousands of times stronger than vitamin C and significantly outperforming β-carotene and vitamin E in neutralising singlet oxygen and lipid radicals [46].”
From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
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Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked?
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Reactive Species and Antioxidants. Redox Biology Is a Fundamental Theme of Aerobic Life
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β-Carotene: an Unusual Type of Lipid Antioxidant
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- FitzGerald, 1996, Generation of 8-epi prostaglandin F2α by human monocytes: Discriminate production by reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 8919
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Sorted by citations
Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources
Xu, D.-P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J., & Li, H. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18010096 · Cited by 1,256
Rodríguez-Concepción, M., Ávalos, J., Bonet, M. L., Boronat, A., Gómez‐Gómez, L., Hornero‐Méndez, D., Limón, M. C., Meléndez‐Martínez, A. J., Olmedilla‐Alonso, B., Palou, A., et al. (2018) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004 · Cited by 1,064
Microalgae for High-Value Products Towards Human Health and Nutrition
Barkia, I., Saari, N., & Manning, S. R. (2019) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md17050304 · Cited by 719
A review of high value-added molecules production by microalgae in light of the classification
Levasseur, W., Perré, P., & Pozzobon, V. (2020) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107545 · Cited by 575
Sathasivam, R., & Ki, J. (2018) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md16010026 · Cited by 495
Metadata
- Authors
- Raposo, M., De Morais, A., & De Morais, R.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa (PT)
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Porto 4202-401, Portugal
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-08-14
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 5128-5155
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4557017
- OpenAlex
- W1495693701
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (OE/EQB/LA0016/2013, PEst-OE/EQB/LA0016/2013)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- carotenoids, marine microalgae, antioxidants, oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, chronic disease prevention, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, novel foods
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Biological Products, Carotenoids, Chronic Disease, Humans, Oxidative Stress, Microalgae
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