Distribution and abundance of MAAs in 33 species of microalgae across 13 classes
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We provide a direct comparison of the distribution and abundance of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in a diverse range of microalgal cultures (33 species across 13 classes) grown without supplementary ultraviolet radiation (UV). We compare the MAAs in cultures with those present in characterised natural phytoplankton populations from the English Channel. We detected 25 UV absorbing compounds including at least two with multiple absorption maxima. We used LC-MS to provide chemical characterisation of the six most commonly occurring MAAs, namely, palythene, palythine, mycosporine-glycine, palythenic acid, porphyra-334 and shinorine. MAAs were abundant (up to 7 pg MAA cell−1)in 10 species, with more minor and often unknown MAAs in a further 11 cultures. Shinorine was the most frequently occurring and abundant MAA (up to 6.5 pg cell−1) and was present in all but two of the MAA-containing species. The study provides further insight into the diversity and abundance of MAAs important from an ecological perspective and as potential source of natural alternatives to synthetic sunscreens.
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More than 30 MAAs are produced by algae and cyanobacteria.
“There are more than 30 MAAs produced by algae [117] and cyanobacteria [118]”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [117]
The Introduction says MAAs occur in algae, but it does not establish that algae produce more than 30 distinct MAAs: it describes a group of over 20 compounds and says at least 19 structurally distinct MAAs had been recognized. Results and Discussion §2.1 reports 25 MAA or MAA-like compounds across 33 algal species; the 33 counts species, not compounds. The separate citation for cyanobacteria is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Llewellyn, C. A., & Airs, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Llewellyn, Carole Anne
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2010-04-16
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1273-1291
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2866486
- OpenAlex
- W2040151713
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Natural Environment Research Council (pml010004)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- mycosporine-like amino acids, microalgae, UV-absorbing compounds, shinorine, palythine, mycosporine-glycine, porphyra-334, natural sunscreen, phytoplankton, UV protection
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Atlantic Ocean, Chromatography, Liquid, Phytoplankton, Species Specificity, Mass Spectrometry, Eukaryota
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