Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 122

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation of antibacterial essential oils.

Negi, Arvind, Kesari, Kavindra Kumar·2022·Micromachines
DOI 10.3390/mi13081265PMC PMC9415589
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Chitosan is the most suitable encapsulation polymer because of its natural abundance, biodegradability, and surface functional groups in the form of free NH2 groups. The presence of NH2 groups allows for the facile grafting of functionalized molecules onto the chitosan surface, resulting in multifunctional materialistic applications. Quaternization of chitosan’s free amino is one of the typical chemical modifications commonly achieved under acidic conditions. This quaternization improves its ionic character, making it ready for ionic–ionic surface modification. Although the cationic nature of chitosan alone exhibits antibacterial activity because of its interaction with negatively-charged bacterial membranes, the nanoscale size of chitosan further amplifies its antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the researcher used chitosan nanoparticles as polymeric materials to encapsulate antibiofilm agents (such as antibiotics and natural phytochemicals), serving as an excellent strategy to combat biofilm-based secondary infections. This paper provided a summary of available carbohydrate-based biopolymers as antibiofilm materials. Furthermore, the paper focuses on chitosan nanoparticle-based encapsulation of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum), mandarin essential oil (Citrus reticulata), Carum copticum essential oil (“Ajwain”), dill plant seed essential oil (Anethum graveolens), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), green tea oil (Camellia sinensis), cardamom essential oil, clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin seed essential oil (Cuminum cyminum), lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon commutatus), summer savory essential oil (Satureja hortensis), thyme essential oil, cinnamomum essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and nettle essential oil (Urtica dioica). Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles are used for the encapsulation of the major essential components carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), the encapsulation of a mandarin essential oil nanoemulsion, and the electrospinning nanofiber of collagen hydrolysate–chitosan with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/mi13081265

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Illustration of FDA-approved drugs (antibiotics vs. anticancer) in the last 40 years.
Figure 1 Illustration of FDA-approved drugs (antibiotics vs. anticancer) in the last 40 years.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 (A) Formation of microbial biofilm on the surface of implants. (B) Various human implants for biomedical use. (C) Biofilm formation on implant surface showing different microbial colonies. (D) Application of chitosan-based material surfaces to prevent microbial biofilm formation [11].
Figure 2 (A) Formation of microbial biofilm on the surface of implants. (B) Various human implants for biomedical use. (C) Biofilm formation on implant surface showing different microbial colonies. (D) Application of chitosan-based material surfaces to prevent microbial biofilm formation [11].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy: Biofilm on the surface of an orthopedic implant [12]. adopted from Heim et al. [12].
Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy: Biofilm on the surface of an orthopedic implant [12]. adopted from Heim et al. [12].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 (A) Chemical structure of fucoidan. (B) Chemical structure of dermatan sulfate. (C) Chemical synthesis of lentina sulfate using DMSO.
Figure 4 (A) Chemical structure of fucoidan. (B) Chemical structure of dermatan sulfate. (C) Chemical synthesis of lentina sulfate using DMSO.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Chemical processing of hyaluronic acid copolymer as antibiofilm surface material.
Figure 5 Chemical processing of hyaluronic acid copolymer as antibiofilm surface material.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The typical chemical process of converting pectin into a more functional form, while the dextran structure shows alpha linkages and available functionalized sites.
Figure 6 The typical chemical process of converting pectin into a more functional form, while the dextran structure shows alpha linkages and available functionalized sites.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Available site for material functionalization on κ-carrageenan structure.
Figure 7 Available site for material functionalization on κ-carrageenan structure.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Typical processes in chitosan chemistry: (A) commercial preparation from chitin by deacetylation is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. (B) Sulfonation of chitosan.
Figure 8 Typical processes in chitosan chemistry: (A) commercial preparation from chitin by deacetylation is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. (B) Sulfonation of chitosan.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Scanning electron microscopy images of CSNPs (A) without loading of BEO, and (B) with a loaded ratio of 1:0.5 with BEO. Reproduced with permission from Cai et al. [93]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 9 Scanning electron microscopy images of CSNPs (A) without loading of BEO, and (B) with a loaded ratio of 1:0.5 with BEO. Reproduced with permission from Cai et al. [93]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 (A) FTIR results showing chitosan. (B) XRD analysis (C), TGA analysis (D), DTG analysis. The ratios of chitosan to MEO: (NPs-C = 1:0), NPs-L (1:0.25), NPs-M (1:0.5), NPs-H (1:1). Reproduced with permission from Song et al. [96]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier.
Figure 10 (A) FTIR results showing chitosan. (B) XRD analysis (C), TGA analysis (D), DTG analysis. The ratios of chitosan to MEO: (NPs-C = 1:0), NPs-L (1:0.25), NPs-M (1:0.5), NPs-H (1:1). Reproduced with permission from Song et al. [96]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 (A) Schematic representation of the chemical structure of Tween 80 (a), CEO in chitosan droplets (oil-in-water emulsion) (b), CEO-loaded chitosan particles (c), the chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with TPP (d), and chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with HMP (e). (B) FTIR spectra of chitosan (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), CEO (c), and CEO-loaded nanoparticles with a chitosan to CEO weight ratio of 1:0.25 (d). (C) DSC curves of CEO (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), and CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (c). Reproduced with permission from Esmaeili et al. [101]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier.
Figure 11 (A) Schematic representation of the chemical structure of Tween 80 (a), CEO in chitosan droplets (oil-in-water emulsion) (b), CEO-loaded chitosan particles (c), the chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with TPP (d), and chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with HMP (e). (B) FTIR spectra of chitosan (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), CEO (c), and CEO-loaded nanoparticles with a chitosan to CEO weight ratio of 1:0.25 (d). (C) DSC curves of CEO (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), and CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (c). Reproduced with permission from Esmaeili et al. [101]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Schematic representation of the preparation of encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) into CSNPs.
Figure 12 Schematic representation of the preparation of encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) into CSNPs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Comparative FTIR data of various samples between 4000 and 700 cm−1 (A); zoomed in range of 1800 and 900 cm−1 (B). Abbreviations and represented names in the figure as follows: dill EO (AGEO), lemon balm EO (MOEO), HCB-CS (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB), and chitosan (CS)), HCB-CS/D (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO), HCB-CS/L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the MOEO), HCB-CS/D&L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO and MOEO), HCR-CS, HCR-CS/D, HCR-CS/L, HCR-CS/D&L. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.
Figure 13 Comparative FTIR data of various samples between 4000 and 700 cm−1 (A); zoomed in range of 1800 and 900 cm−1 (B). Abbreviations and represented names in the figure as follows: dill EO (AGEO), lemon balm EO (MOEO), HCB-CS (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB), and chitosan (CS)), HCB-CS/D (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO), HCB-CS/L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the MOEO), HCB-CS/D&L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO and MOEO), HCR-CS, HCR-CS/D, HCR-CS/L, HCR-CS/D&L. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 Photograph of prepared nanofiber samples before animal testing. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.
Figure 14 Photograph of prepared nanofiber samples before animal testing. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 166

  1. Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. Molecules, 23. · DOI · Paper page
  2. Darouiche, 2004, Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants, N. Engl. J. Med., 350, 1422, 10.1056/NEJMra035415 · DOI
  3. Neoh, 2017, Surface modification strategies for combating catheter-related complications: Recent advances and challenges, J. Mater. Chem. B, 5, 2045, 10.1039/C6TB03280J · DOI
  4. Kimura, S.Y., and Nakamura, Y. (2020). Poor Quality Pharmaceuticals in Global Public Health, Springer. · DOI
  5. Khan, 2020, Is enhancing the professionalism of healthcare providers critical to tackling antimicrobial resistance in low-and middle-income countries?, Hum. Resour. Health, 18, 10, 10.1186/s12960-020-0452-7 · DOI
  6. Edwards, S.E., Morel, C.M., Busse, R., and Harbarth, S. (2018). Combatting antibiotic resistance together: How can we enlist the help of industry?. Antibiotics, 7. · DOI
  7. Morel, 2020, Industry incentives and antibiotic resistance: An introduction to the antibiotic susceptibility bonus, J. Antibiot., 73, 421, 10.1038/s41429-020-0300-y · DOI
  8. Alali, 2020, Community hospital stethoscope cleaning practices and contamination rates, Am. J. Infect. Control., 48, 1365, 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.019 · DOI
  9. Donlan, 2002, Biofilms: Microbial life on surfaces, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8, 881, 10.3201/eid0809.020063 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Lima, 2021, Antimicrobial coatings based on chitosan to prevent implant-associated infections: A systematic review, Iscience, 24, 103480, 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103480 · DOI
  11. Heim, 2014, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells contribute to Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic biofilm infection, J. Immunol., 192, 3778, 10.4049/jimmunol.1303408 · DOI
  12. Sutherland, 2001, Biofilm exopolysaccharides: A strong and sticky framework, Microbiology, 147, 3, 10.1099/00221287-147-1-3 · DOI
  13. Pangestuti, 2011, Neuroprotective effects of marine algae, Mar. Drugs, 9, 803, 10.3390/md9050803 · DOI
  14. Wang, 2012, Surface properties of polyurethanes modified by bioactive polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte multilayers, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 100, 77, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.030 · DOI
  15. Vishwakarma, 2019, Evaluating the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of sulphated polysaccharides extracted from green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, J. Appl. Microbiol., 127, 1004, 10.1111/jam.14364 · DOI
  16. Fiorica, 2013, A new hyaluronic acid pH sensitive derivative obtained by ATRP for potential oral administration of proteins, Int. J. Pharm., 457, 150, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.005 · DOI
  17. Palumbo, 2012, In situ forming hydrogels of new amino hyaluronic acid/benzoyl-cysteine derivatives as potential scaffolds for cartilage regeneration, Soft Matter, 8, 4918, 10.1039/c2sm07310b · DOI
  18. Palumbo, 2015, A polycarboxylic/amino functionalized hyaluronic acid derivative for the production of pH sensible hydrogels in the prevention of bacterial adhesion on biomedical surfaces, Int. J. Pharm., 478, 70, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.015 · DOI
  19. Pallavicini, 2017, Silver nanoparticles synthesized and coated with pectin: An ideal compromise for anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm action combined with wound-healing properties, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 498, 271, 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.062 · DOI
  20. Bertoglio, F., de Vita, L., D’Agostino, A., Fernandez, Y.D., Falqui, A., Casu, A., Merli, D., Milanese, C., Rossi, S., and Taglietti, A. (2020). Increased antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of silver nanoparticles using silver fluoride as precursor. Molecules, 25. · DOI
  21. Khelissa, 2021, Microencapsulation of benzalkonium chloride enhanced its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, J. Appl. Microbiol., 131, 1136, 10.1111/jam.15010 · DOI
  22. Khelissa, 2021, Anti-biofilm activity of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride microcapsules against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus, Biofouling, 37, 49, 10.1080/08927014.2021.1873958 · DOI
  23. Paramasivan, 2014, The use of chitosan–dextran gel shows anti-inflammatory, antibiofilm, and antiproliferative properties in fibroblast cell culture, Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 28, 361, 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4069 · DOI
  24. Li, 2021, Acid-induced self-catalyzing platform based on dextran-coated copper peroxide nanoaggregates for biofilm treatment, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13, 29269, 10.1021/acsami.1c03409 · DOI
  25. Hoque, 2017, Direct synthesis of dextran-based antibacterial hydrogels for extended release of biocides and eradication of topical biofilms, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 15975, 10.1021/acsami.7b03208 · DOI
  26. Naha, 2019, Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as biomimetic catalysts for localized and pH-activated biofilm disruption, ACS Nano, 13, 4960, 10.1021/acsnano.8b08702 · DOI
  27. Goel, 2019, Microwave assisted κ-carrageenan capped silver nanocomposites for eradication of bacterial biofilms, Carbohydr. Polym., 206, 854, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.033 · DOI
  28. Hamblin, 2016, Chitin and chitosan: Production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials, Int. J. Adv. Res., 4, 411
  29. Periayah, 2016, Chitosan: A promising marine polysaccharide for biomedical research, Pharmacogn. Rev., 10, 39, 10.4103/0973-7847.176545 · DOI
  30. Raafat, 2009, Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential–a critical literature survey, Microb. Biotechnol., 2, 186, 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00080.x · DOI
  31. Ray, S.S. (2013). Environmentally Friendly Polymer Nanocomposites: Types, Processing and Properties, Elsevier. · DOI
  32. Je, 2006, Chitosan derivatives killed bacteria by disrupting the outer and inner membrane, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 6629, 10.1021/jf061310p · DOI
  33. Helander, 2001, Chitosan disrupts the barrier properties of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 71, 235, 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00609-2 · DOI
  34. Khan, 2020, Chitosan and their derivatives: Antibiofilm drugs against pathogenic bacteria, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 185, 110627, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110627 · DOI
  35. Costa, 2013, Study of the effects of chitosan upon Streptococcus mutans adherence and biofilm formation, Anaerobe, 20, 27, 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.02.002 · DOI
  36. Costa, 2017, Investigation of chitosan’s antibacterial activity against vancomycin resistant microorganisms and their biofilms, Carbohydr. Polym., 174, 369, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.087 · DOI
  37. Tan, 2016, Inhibition of mixed fungal and bacterial biofilms on silicone by carboxymethyl chitosan, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 148, 193, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.061 · DOI
  38. Reighard, 2015, Disruption and eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilms using nitric oxide-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides, Biofouling, 31, 775, 10.1080/08927014.2015.1107548 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Peng, 2011, Quaternized chitosan inhibits icaA transcription and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus on a titanium surface, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 55, 860, 10.1128/AAC.01005-10 · DOI
  40. Jiang, 2014, Quaternized chitosans bind onto preexisting biofilms and eradicate pre-attached microorganisms, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2, 8518, 10.1039/C4TB01131G · DOI
  41. Sahariah, 2018, Quaternary ammoniumyl chitosan derivatives for eradication of staphylococcus aureus biofilms, Biomacromolecules, 19, 3649, 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00718 · DOI
  42. Qin, 2020, Cationic chitosan derivatives as potential antifungals: A review of structural optimization and applications, Carbohydr. Polym., 236, 116002, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116002 · DOI
  43. Carlson, 2008, Anti-biofilm properties of chitosan-coated surfaces, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 19, 1035, 10.1163/156856208784909372 · DOI
  44. Negi, 2018, Inverse docking based screening and identification of protein targets for Cassiarin alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum, Saudi Pharm. J., 26, 546, 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.01.017 · DOI
  45. Benet, 2016, BDDCS, the Rule of 5 and drugability, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 101, 89, 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.007 · DOI
  46. Zhu, 2021, Encapsulation strategies to enhance the antibacterial properties of essential oils in food system, Food Control, 123, 107856, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107856 · DOI
  47. Annunziata, 2011, Nanoencapsulation of essential oils to enhance their antimicrobial activity in foods, LWT Food Sci. Technol., 44, 1908, 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.03.003 · DOI
  48. Bazargani, 2016, Antibiofilm activity of essential oils and plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms, Food Control, 61, 156, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.036 · DOI
  49. Saviuc, 2015, Essential oils with microbicidal and antibiofilm activity, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 16, 137, 10.2174/138920101602150112151549 · DOI
  50. Liu, 2020, Fabrication and characterization of chitosan nanoemulsions loading thymol or thyme essential oil for the preservation of refrigerated pork, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 162, 1509, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.207 · DOI
  51. Khan, 2019, Antibiofilm and antivirulence properties of chitosan-polypyrrole nanocomposites to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microb. Pathog., 128, 363, 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.033 · DOI
  52. Auger, 2006, Autoinducer 2 affects biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 937, 10.1128/AEM.72.1.937-941.2006 · DOI
  53. Qayyum, 2016, Nanoparticles vs. biofilms: A battle against another paradigm of antibiotic resistance, MedChemComm, 7, 1479, 10.1039/C6MD00124F · DOI
  54. Grenha, 2012, Chitosan nanoparticles: A survey of preparation methods, J. Drug Target., 20, 291, 10.3109/1061186X.2011.654121 · DOI
  55. Erbacher, 1998, Chitosan-based vector/DNA complexes for gene delivery: Biophysical characteristics and transfection ability, Pharm. Res., 15, 1332, 10.1023/A:1011981000671 · DOI
  56. Hu, 2002, Synthesis and characterization of chitosan–poly (acrylic acid) nanoparticles, Biomaterials, 23, 3193, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00071-6 · DOI
  57. Du, 2004, Novel polyelectrolyte carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan–chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 25, 954, 10.1002/marc.200300314 · DOI
  58. Sarmento, 2006, Development and comparison of different nanoparticulate polyelectrolyte complexes as insulin carriers, Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther., 12, 131, 10.1007/s10989-005-9010-3 · DOI
  59. Sarmento, 2006, Development and characterization of new insulin containing polysaccharide nanoparticles, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 53, 193, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.09.012 · DOI
  60. Lin, 2007, Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles shelled with chitosan for oral insulin delivery, Biomacromolecules, 8, 146, 10.1021/bm0607776 · DOI
  61. Bayat, 2008, Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and its quaternized derivatives, Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 4, 115, 10.1016/j.nano.2008.01.003 · DOI
  62. Avadi, 2010, Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and Arabic gum with ionic gelation method, Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 6, 58, 10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.007 · DOI
  63. Grenha, 2010, Development of new chitosan/carrageenan nanoparticles for drug delivery applications, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 92, 1265, 10.1002/jbm.a.32466 · DOI
  64. Kaihara, 2011, In situ synthesis of polysaccharide nanoparticles via polyion complex of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 85, 343, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.008 · DOI
  65. Lin, 2008, Multi-ion-crosslinked nanoparticles with pH-responsive characteristics for oral delivery of protein drugs, J. Control. Release, 132, 141, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.020 · DOI
  66. Alonso, 2009, New generation of hybrid poly/oligosaccharide nanoparticles as carriers for the nasal delivery of macromolecules, Biomacromolecules, 10, 243, 10.1021/bm800975j · DOI
  67. Yeh, 2011, Novel protein-loaded chondroitin sulfate–chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation and characterization, Acta Biomater., 7, 3804, 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.026 · DOI
  68. Calvo, 1997, Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 63, 125, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970103)63:1<125::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-4 · DOI
  69. Alonso, 2001, Chitosan nanoparticles: A new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular surface. Application to cyclosporin A, Int. J. Pharm., 224, 159, 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00760-8 · DOI
  70. Ma, 2002, Formulation pH modulates the interaction of insulin with chitosan nanoparticles, J. Pharm. Sci., 91, 1396, 10.1002/jps.10149 · DOI
  71. Wang, 2008, Preparation of estradiol chitosan nanoparticles for improving nasal absorption and brain targeting, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 70, 735, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.005 · DOI
  72. Fan, 2012, Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 90, 21, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.09.042 · DOI
  73. Ohya, 1994, Release behavior of 5-fluorouracil from chitosan-gel nanospheres immobilizing 5-fluorouracil coated with polysaccharides and their cell specific cytotoxicity, J. Macromol. Sci. Pure Appl. Chem., 31, 629, 10.1080/10601329409349743 · DOI
  74. Songjiang, 2009, Amyloid-beta associated with chitosan nano-carrier has favorable immunogenicity and permeates the BBB, AAPS PharmSciTech, 10, 900, 10.1208/s12249-009-9279-1 · DOI
  75. Tokumitsu, 1999, Preparation of gadopentetic acid-loaded chitosan microparticles for gadolinium neutron-capture therapy of cancer by a novel emulsion-droplet coalescence technique, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 47, 838, 10.1248/cpb.47.838 · DOI
  76. Shering, 2011, Formulation of 5-fluorouracil loaded chitosan nanoparticles by emulsion droplet coalescence method for cancer therapy, Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch., 2, 926
  77. Atyabi, 2009, Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles as an oral delivery system for amikacin: In vitro and ex vivo evaluations, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 9, 4593, 10.1166/jnn.2009.1090 · DOI
  78. Agnihotri, 2007, Chitosan nanoparticles for prolonged delivery of timolol maleate, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 33, 1254, 10.1080/03639040701384942 · DOI
  79. Borges, 2005, Preparation of coated nanoparticles for a new mucosal vaccine delivery system, Int. J. Pharm., 299, 155, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.037 · DOI
  80. Mao, 2001, Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as gene carriers: Synthesis, characterization and transfection efficiency, J. Control. Release, 70, 399, 10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00361-8 · DOI
  81. 2002, Positively charged nanoparticles for improving the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin-A, Int. J. Pharm., 249, 101, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00461-1 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Mitra, 2001, Tumour targeted delivery of encapsulated dextran–doxorubicin conjugate using chitosan nanoparticles as carrier, J. Control. Release, 74, 317, 10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00342-X · DOI
  83. Banerjee, 2002, Preparation, characterization and biodistribution of ultrafine chitosan nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm., 243, 93, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00267-3 · DOI
  84. Tang, 2007, Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles as carrier for immobilized enzyme, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 136, 77, 10.1007/BF02685940 · DOI
  85. Manchanda, 2010, Controlled size chitosan nanoparticles as an efficient, biocompatible oligonucleotides delivery system, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 118, 2071, 10.1002/app.32508 · DOI
  86. Sajeesh, 2006, Cyclodextrin–insulin complex encapsulated polymethacrylic acid based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery, Int. J. Pharm., 325, 147, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.06.019 · DOI
  87. Sajeesh, 2006, Novel pH responsive polymethacrylic acid–chitosan–polyethylene glycol nanoparticles for oral peptide delivery, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater., 76, 298, 10.1002/jbm.b.30372 · DOI
  88. Cai, 2022, Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 202, 122, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.066 · DOI
  89. Hosseini, 2013, Two-step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study, Carbohydr. Polym., 95, 50, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.031 · DOI
  90. Zhou, 2019, N-Alkyl-1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-imino-l-fucitols as fucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular modelling and activity against cancer cell lines, Bioorg. Chem., 84, 418, 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.003 · DOI
  91. Song, 2021, Mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) essential oil incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles: Characterization, anti-biofilm properties and application in pork preservation, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 185, 620, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.195 · DOI
  92. Malaki, 2019, Ultrasonic nano-emulsification—A review, Ultrason. Sonochem., 52, 88, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.11.005 · DOI
  93. Gul, 2018, Effect of ultrasound treatment on the properties of nano-emulsion films obtained from hazelnut meal protein and clove essential oil, Ultrason. Sonochem., 41, 466, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.011 · DOI
  94. 2015, Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of food-grade emulsions and nanoemulsions incorporating essential oils, Food Hydrocoll., 43, 547, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.07.012 · DOI
  95. Severino, 2014, Antibacterial and physical effects of modified chitosan based-coating containing nanoemulsion of mandarin essential oil and three non-thermal treatments against Listeria innocua in green beans, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 191, 82, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.007 · DOI
  96. Esmaeili, 2015, In vitro release and biological activities of Carum copticum essential oil (CEO) loaded chitosan nanoparticles, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 81, 283, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.010 · DOI
  97. Dudhani, 2010, Bioadhesive chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation and characterization, Carbohydr. Polym., 81, 243, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.026 · DOI
  98. Bagre, 2013, Alginate coated chitosan core shell nanoparticles for oral delivery of enoxaparin: In vitro and in vivo assessment, Int. J. Pharm., 456, 31, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.037 · DOI
  99. Esmaeili, 2015, Optimization and preparation of nanocapsules for food applications using two methodologies, Food Chem., 179, 26, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.115 · DOI
  100. Hosseini, 2013, Incorporation of essential oil in alginate microparticles by multiple emulsion/ionic gelation process, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 62, 582, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.054 · DOI
  101. Keawchaoon, 2011, Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 84, 163, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.12.031 · DOI
  102. Yoksan, 2010, Encapsulation of ascorbyl palmitate in chitosan nanoparticles by oil-in-water emulsion and ionic gelation processes, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 76, 292, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.007 · DOI
  103. Yang, 2009, The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan nanoparticles and its application on drug delivery, Microchem. J., 92, 87, 10.1016/j.microc.2009.02.001 · DOI
  104. Anitha, 2011, Preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release and biological studies of curcumin loaded dextran sulphate–chitosan nanoparticles, Carbohydr. Polym., 84, 1158, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.005 · DOI
  105. Paul, 2011, Trachyspermum ammi (L.) fruit essential oil influencing on membrane permeability and surface characteristics in inhibiting food-borne pathogens, Food Control, 22, 725, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.003 · DOI · Paper page
  106. Liolios, 2009, Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial activity, Food Chem., 112, 77, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.060 · DOI
  107. He, 2013, Analysis of protein composition and antioxidant activity of hydrolysates from Paphia undulate, J. Food Nutr. Res., 1, 30
  108. Sendra, 2013, In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant properties of chitosan edible films incorporated with Thymus moroderi or Thymus piperella essential oils, Food Control, 30, 386, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.052 · DOI
  109. Subhaswaraj, 2018, Anti quorum sensing and anti biofilm efficacy of cinnamaldehyde encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, LWT, 97, 752, 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.08.011 · DOI
  110. Das, 2021, Anethum graveolens essential oil encapsulation in chitosan nanomatrix: Investigations on in vitro release behavior, organoleptic attributes, and efficacy as potential delivery vehicles against biodeterioration of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Food Bioprocess Technol., 14, 831, 10.1007/s11947-021-02589-z · DOI
  111. Râpă, M., Gaidau, C., Mititelu-Tartau, L., Berechet, M.-D., Berbecaru, A.C., Rosca, I., Chiriac, A.P., Matei, E., Predescu, A.-M., and Predescu, C. (2021). Bioactive collagen hydrolysate-chitosan/essential oil electrospun nanofibers designed for medical wound dressings. Pharmaceutics, 13. · DOI
  112. Hua, Y., Ma, C., Wei, T., Zhang, L., and Shen, J. (2020). Collagen/chitosan complexes: Preparation, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and melanin synthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21. · DOI
  113. Ridel, 2016, Pickering emulsions stabilized by charged nanoparticles, Soft Matter, 12, 7564, 10.1039/C6SM01465H · DOI
  114. Wei, 2012, Chitosan nanoparticles as particular emulsifier for preparation of novel pH-responsive Pickering emulsions and PLGA microcapsules, Polymer, 53, 1229, 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.015 · DOI
  115. Alison, 2016, Pickering and network stabilization of biocompatible emulsions using chitosan-modified silica nanoparticles, Langmuir, 32, 13446, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03439 · DOI
  116. Schober, 2021, Effect of Particle Wettability and Particle Concentration on the Enzymatic Dehydration of n-Octanaloxime in Pickering Emulsions, Angew. Chem., 133, 1470, 10.1002/ange.202013171 · DOI
  117. Nordstierna, 2017, Hydrophilic and hydrophobic modifications of colloidal silica particles for Pickering emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 487, 250, 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.031 · DOI
  118. Lai, 2021, Fabrication and antibacterial evaluation of peppermint oil-loaded composite microcapsules by chitosan-decorated silica nanoparticles stabilized Pickering emulsion templating, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 183, 2314, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.198 · DOI
  119. Liang, 2012, Synthesis and characterization of core–shell structured SiO2@ YVO4: Yb3+, Er3+ microspheres, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258, 3689, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.12.006 · DOI
  120. Lim, 2004, Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a water-soluble chitosan derivative with a fiber-reactive group, Carbohydr. Res., 339, 313, 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.024 · DOI
  121. Yasmeen, 2016, Chromium (VI) ions removal from tannery effluent using chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose composite as adsorbent, Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem., 10, 1, 10.9734/IRJPAC/2016/23315 · DOI
  122. Lu, 2004, An imprinted organic− inorganic hybrid sorbent for selective separation of cadmium from aqueous solution, Anal. Chem., 76, 453, 10.1021/ac0347718 · DOI
  123. Zhao, 2018, Eco-friendly Pickering emulsion stabilized by silica nanoparticles dispersed with high-molecular-weight amphiphilic alginate derivatives, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 4105, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04508 · DOI
  124. Kang, 2017, Dispersion of surface-modified silica nanoparticles in polyamide-imide (PAI) films for enhanced mechanical and thermal properties, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 46, 289, 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.042 · DOI
  125. Silva, 2009, A new organofunctionalized silica containing thioglycolic acid incorporated for divalent cations removal—A thermodyamic cation/basic center interaction, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 332, 144, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.09.010 · DOI
  126. Kumar, 2012, Physiochemical, optical and biological activity of chitosan-chromone derivative for biomedical applications, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 13, 6102, 10.3390/ijms13056102 · DOI
  127. Shetta, 2019, Comparative study of encapsulated peppermint and green tea essential oils in chitosan nanoparticles: Encapsulation, thermal stability, in-vitro release, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 126, 731, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.161 · DOI
  128. Nallamuthu, 2015, Chlorogenic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles with sustained release property, retained antioxidant activity and enhanced bioavailability, Asian J. Pharm. Sci., 10, 203, 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.09.005 · DOI
  129. Ruppert, 2011, Biophysical investigation of pulmonary surfactant surface properties upon contact with polymeric nanoparticles in vitro, Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 7, 341, 10.1016/j.nano.2010.10.007 · DOI
  130. Wissing, 2004, Solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 56, 1257, 10.1016/j.addr.2003.12.002 · DOI
  131. Jamil, 2016, Encapsulation of cardamom essential oil in chitosan nano-composites: In-vitro efficacy on antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens and cytotoxicity studies, Front. Microbiol., 7, 1580, 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01580 · DOI
  132. Chaieb, 2007, The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): A short review, Phytother. Res., 21, 501, 10.1002/ptr.2124 · DOI
  133. Sebaaly, 2015, Preparation and characterization of clove essential oil-loaded liposomes, Food Chem., 178, 52, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.067 · DOI
  134. Hadidi, 2020, Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove essential oil: Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, Carbohydr. Polym., 236, 116075, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116075 · DOI
  135. Karimirad, 2019, Application of chitosan nanoparticles containing Cuminum cyminum oil as a delivery system for shelf life extension of Agaricus bisporus, LWT, 106, 218, 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.062 · DOI
  136. Chalier, 2007, Carvacrol losses from soy protein coated papers as a function of drying conditions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 106, 611, 10.1002/app.26662 · DOI
  137. Stammati, 2004, Constituents of aromatic plants: Carvacrol, Fitoterapia, 75, 801, 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.05.002 · DOI
  138. Bhumkar, 2006, Studies on effect of pH on cross-linking of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate: A technical note, AAPS PharmSciTech, 7, E138, 10.1208/pt070250 · DOI
  139. Mi, 2003, Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable TPP/genipin co-crosslinked chitosan gel beads, Polymer, 44, 6521, 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00620-7 · DOI
  140. Bernal-Mercado, A.T., Juarez, J., Valdez, M.A., Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Del-Toro-Sánchez, C.L., and Encinas-Basurto, D. (2022). Hydrophobic Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Carvacrol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Molecules, 27. · DOI
  141. Soltanzadeh, 2021, Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating lemongrass (Cymbopogon commutatus) essential oil: Physicochemical, structural, antimicrobial and in-vitro release properties, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 192, 1084, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.070 · DOI
  142. Feyzioglu, 2016, Development of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) essential oil for antimicrobial and antioxidant delivery applications, LWT, 70, 104, 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.02.037 · DOI
  143. 2017, Release study and inhibitory activity of thyme essential oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and nanocapsules against foodborne bacteria, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 103, 409, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.063 · DOI
  144. Wu, 2012, Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of essential oils encapsulated in zein nanoparticles prepared by liquid–liquid dispersion method, LWT Food Sci. Technol., 48, 283, 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.03.027 · DOI
  145. Mohammadi, 2015, Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil enhance the shelf life of cucumber during cold storage, Postharvest Biol. Technol., 110, 203, 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.08.019 · DOI
  146. Sugumar, 2015, Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion-impregnated chitosan film: Antibacterial effects against a clinical pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, in vitro, Int. J. Nanomed., 10, 67
  147. Demirci, 2012, Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic effects of essential oil from Urtica dioica L., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 88, 666, 10.1007/s00128-012-0535-9 · DOI
  148. Bagheri, 2021, Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with nettle essential oil, J. Food Meas. Charact., 15, 1395, 10.1007/s11694-020-00738-0 · DOI · Paper page
  149. Rashki, 2021, Chitosan-based nanoparticles against bacterial infections, Carbohydr. Polym., 251, 117108, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117108 · DOI
  150. Suri, 2007, Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, J. Occup. Med. Toxicol., 2, 16, 10.1186/1745-6673-2-16 · DOI
  151. Franco, 2021, Selectivity Control in the Oxidative Ring-Opening of Dimethylfuran Mediated by Zeolitic-Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 9, 8090, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00708 · DOI
  152. Askari, 2016, Rheological and thermophysical properties of ultra-stable kerosene-based Fe3O4/Graphene nanofluids for energy conservation, Energy Convers. Manag., 128, 134, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.037 · DOI
  153. Raut, 2014, A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils, Ind. Crops Prod., 62, 250, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055 · DOI
  154. Knobloch, 1989, Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oil components, J. Essent. Oil Res., 1, 119, 10.1080/10412905.1989.9697767 · DOI · Paper page
  155. Katouzian, 2016, Nano-encapsulation as a promising approach for targeted delivery and controlled release of vitamins, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 53, 34, 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.002 · DOI
  156. Negi, 2021, Development of Mcl-1 inhibitors for cancer therapy, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 210, 113038, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113038 · DOI
  157. Negi, 2022, Strategies to Reduce the On-Target Platelet Toxicity of Bcl-xL Inhibitors: PROTACs, SNIPERs and Prodrug-Based Approaches, ChemBioChem, 23, e202100689, 10.1002/cbic.202100689 · DOI
  158. Macartney, 2011, Encapsulation of drug molecules by cucurbiturils: Effects on their chemical properties in aqueous solution, Isr. J. Chem., 51, 600, 10.1002/ijch.201100040 · DOI
  159. Miller, 2017, Nano-palladium is a cellular catalyst for in vivo chemistry, Nat. Commun., 8, 15906, 10.1038/ncomms15906 · DOI
  160. Negi, 2015, Imine/amide–imidazole conjugates derived from 5-amino-4-cyano-N1-substituted benzyl imidazole: Microwave-assisted synthesis and anticancer activity via selective topoisomerase-II-α inhibition, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 23, 5654, 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.020 · DOI
  161. Shaabani, 2016, Copper (ii) supported on magnetic chitosan: A green nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 2, 4, 6-triaryl pyridines by C–N bond cleavage of benzylamines, RSC Adv., 6, 27706, 10.1039/C6RA00102E · DOI
  162. Negi, A., Mirallai, S.I., Konda, S., and Murphy, P.V. (2022). An improved method for synthesis of non-symmetric triarylpyridines. Tetrahedron, 132930. · DOI
  163. Rahmatpour, 2022, Noncross-linked polystyrene nanoencapsulation of ferric chloride: A novel and reusable heterogeneous macromolecular Lewis acid catalyst toward selective acetylation of alcohols, phenols, amines, and thiols, J. Organomet. Chem., 961, 122264, 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122264 · DOI
  164. Negi, 2022, Azobenzene Photoswitches in Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras: Photochemical Control Strategies and Therapeutic Benefits, ChemistrySelect, 7, e202200981, 10.1002/slct.202200981 · DOI
  165. Dong, 2015, Red-shifting azobenzene photoswitches for in vivo use, Acc. Chem. Res., 48, 2662, 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00270 · DOI
  166. Monticelli, 2018, Recent advances in the synthesis and reactivity of spiro-epoxyoxindoles, Chem. Heterocycl. Compd., 54, 389, 10.1007/s10593-018-2280-4 · DOI

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Negi, A., & Kesari, K. K.
Affiliations
Department of Bioproduct and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
ORCID
Venue
Micromachines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-08-06
Volume
13
Issue
8
Pages
1265
ISSN
2072-666X
DOI
10.3390/mi13081265
PMC
PMC9415589
Cited by
122
References
3
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.