EPS—Then and Now
Open accessAbstract
“Slime” played a brief and spectacular role in the 19th century founded by the theory of primordial slime by Ernst Haeckel. However, that substance was never found and eventually abandoned. Further scientific attention slowly began in the 1930s referring to slime as a microbial product and then was inspired by “How bacteria stick” by Costerton et al. in 1978, and the matrix material was considered to be polysaccharides. Later, it turned out that proteins, nucleic acids and lipids were major other constituents of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), an acronym which was highly discussed. The role of the EPS matrix turns out to be fundamental for biofilms, in terms of keeping cells in proximity and allowing for extended interaction, resource capture, mechanical strength and other properties, which emerge from the life of biofilm organisms, including enhanced tolerance to antimicrobials and other stress. The EPS components are extremely complex and dynamic and fulfil many functional roles, turning biofilms into the most ubiquitous and successful form of life on Earth.
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EPS play a fundamental role in formation of biofilm matrix, and cell aggregation or adhesion mechanisms to abiotic and biotic surfaces.
“EPS play a fundamental role in formation of biofilm matrix, and cell aggregation or adhesion mechanisms to both the abiotic and biotic surface (i.e., intestinal mucosa).”
From Lactic Acid Bacteria Exopolysaccharides Producers: A Sustainable Tool for Functional Foods (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Section 3, “The Term EPS” (page unavailable), describes EPS as binding cells together and to a substratum; Section 5, “Functions of EPS,” says the matrix enables the internal structure of biofilms. Section 2, “Slime,” discusses attachment to glass and rock surfaces, but the copy does not establish EPS-mediated adhesion to biotic surfaces such as intestinal mucosa. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Flemming, H.-C.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Flemming, Hans-Curt
- ORCID
- Flemming, Hans-Curt
- Venue
- Microorganisms
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-11-18
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 41
- ISSN
- 2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5192524
- OpenAlex
- W2557171271
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Keywords
- extracellular polymeric substances, slime, biofilm, biofilm matrix, polysaccharides, extracellular proteins, extracellular nucleic acids, extracellular lipids, antimicrobial tolerance, Ernst Haeckel
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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