Comparison of Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects between Fresh and Aged Black Garlic Extracts
Open accessAbstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that aged black garlic (ABG) has strong anti-oxidant activity. Little is known however regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of ABG. This study was performed to identify and compare the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ABG extract (ABGE) with those of fresh raw garlic (FRG) extract (FRGE). In addition, we investigated which components are responsible for the observed effects. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory stressor, respectively. ABGE showed high ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities and low ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells compared with FRGE. However, inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipooxygenase activities by FRGE was stronger than that by ABGE. FRGE reduced PGE2, NO, IL-6, IL-1β, LTD4, and LTE4 production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells more than did ABGE. The combination of FRGE and sugar (galactose, glucose, fructose, or sucrose), which is more abundant in ABGE than in FRGE, decreased the anti-inflammatory activity compared with FRGE. FRGE-induced inhibition of NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory gene expression was blocked by combination with sugars. The lower anti-inflammatory activity in ABGE than FRGE could result from the presence of sugars. Our results suggest that ABGE might be helpful for the treatment of diseases mediated predominantly by ROS.
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ABG methanolic extract prevents cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by NF-κB inactivation.
“Moreover, ABG methanolic extract was reported to prevent the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by NF-κB inactivation [73].”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
ABG chloroform extract acts by reducing NF-κB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells caused by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).
“The ABG chloroform extract acts by reducing NF-κB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells caused by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Jeong, Y., Ryu, J., Shin, J.-H., Kang, M., Kang, J., Han, J., & Kang, D.
- Affiliations
- Gyeongsang National University (KR)
- Department of Research and Development, Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae 668-812, Korea
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Dawon
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-03-30
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 430
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6274159
- OpenAlex
- W2326212911
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 11.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015R1D1A3A01017856, NRF-2015R1A5A2008833)
- biomedical research institute fund (GNUHBRIF-2013-0007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Garlic and Onion Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Quality and Safety Studies
- Keywords
- antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, reactive oxygen species, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase, NF-κB activation, sugar content, inflammatory cytokines, RAW 264.7 macrophages, free radical scavenging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Cell Line, Garlic, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, Plant Extracts, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice
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