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Cited by 305Ionic liquids properties and applicationsBiofuel production and bioconversionCatalysis for Biomass Conversion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 247 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment, Extraction, and Catalysis of Biomass and Food Waste

Open access
Kalhor, Payam, Ghandi, Khashayar·2019·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules24224012PMC PMC6891572
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Abstract

Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential to the establishment of a sustainable and biobased economy in the modern world. The latest and greenest generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs); these have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable attention from researchers who seek versatile solvents with pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis capabilities in biomass- and biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion processes. The present work aimed to review the use of DESs and NADESs in the valorization of biomass and biowaste as pretreatment or extraction solvents or catalysis agents.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/molecules24224012

Cites

242 of 242 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Illustration of the overall biorefinery process to produce bioenergy from biowaste/biomass.
Figure 1 Illustration of the overall biorefinery process to produce bioenergy from biowaste/biomass.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Schematic illustration of lignocellulosic components and their chemical structures. Reprinted from Reference [92] with permission.
Figure 2 Schematic illustration of lignocellulosic components and their chemical structures. Reprinted from Reference [92] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The platform chemicals derived from lignocellulosic components after pretreatment. Reprinted from Reference [98] with permission.
Figure 3 The platform chemicals derived from lignocellulosic components after pretreatment. Reprinted from Reference [98] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Structures for a number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) used for deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesis.
Figure 4 Structures for a number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) used for deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Typical natural constituents used for natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) synthesis.
Figure 5 Typical natural constituents used for natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) synthesis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Interaction of HBDs (urea) with HBA (chloride) to form multiple H-bonds. Reprinted from Reference [115] with permission.
Figure 6 Interaction of HBDs (urea) with HBA (chloride) to form multiple H-bonds. Reprinted from Reference [115] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 The phase diagram of a two-component mixture representing the eutectic point. Tf(real) is the measured freezing point of a mixture at the eutectic composition and Tf(ideal) is the theoretically predicted freezing point for an ideal mixture.
Figure 7 The phase diagram of a two-component mixture representing the eutectic point. Tf(real) is the measured freezing point of a mixture at the eutectic composition and Tf(ideal) is the theoretically predicted freezing point for an ideal mixture.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 A proposed mechanism for water addition to a typical DES. Reprinted from Reference [139] with permission.
Figure 8 A proposed mechanism for water addition to a typical DES. Reprinted from Reference [139] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 DES pretreatment of wheat straw to reduce the recalcitrance of the biomass for improving enzymatic hydrolysis. Reprinted from Reference [233] with permission.
Figure 9 DES pretreatment of wheat straw to reduce the recalcitrance of the biomass for improving enzymatic hydrolysis. Reprinted from Reference [233] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Illustration of the designed ternary DES and its efficiency in biomass fractionation. Reprinted from Reference [80] with permission.
Figure 10 Illustration of the designed ternary DES and its efficiency in biomass fractionation. Reprinted from Reference [80] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Fumaric acid and maleic acid obtained from furfural in {ChCl:oxalic acid} DES. Reprinted fromReference [229] with permission.
Figure 11 Fumaric acid and maleic acid obtained from furfural in {ChCl:oxalic acid} DES. Reprinted fromReference [229] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Solubility of xylan and recyclability yield of aqueous {ChCl:urea} DES. Reprinted from Reference [28] with permission.
Figure 12 Solubility of xylan and recyclability yield of aqueous {ChCl:urea} DES. Reprinted from Reference [28] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Flow diagram showing a simplified process involving DES recycling. Reprinted from Reference [79] with permission.
Figure 13 Flow diagram showing a simplified process involving DES recycling. Reprinted from Reference [79] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 FT-IR spectra of the lignocellulosic biomass samples before and after DESs pretreatment. Reprinted from Reference [164] with permission.
Figure 14 FT-IR spectra of the lignocellulosic biomass samples before and after DESs pretreatment. Reprinted from Reference [164] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 247 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Tan, 2013, Synthesis of polypyrrole/cellulose composites in ionic liquids, Appl. Polym. Compos., 1, 125
  2. Wang, 2018, Deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction of maicalin from scutellaria baicalensis georgi, J. Chem., 223, 3233

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Metadata

Authors
Kalhor, P., & Ghandi, K.
Affiliations
  • Tsinghua University (CN)
  • University of Guelph (CA)
Corresponding author
Ghandi, Khashayar
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-11-06
Volume
24
Issue
22
Pages
4012
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules24224012
PMC
PMC6891572
OpenAlex
W2983067886
Cited by
305
References
247
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24
FWCI
1.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NA)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Ionic liquids properties and applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysis for Biomass Conversion
Keywords
deep eutectic solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents, lignocellulosic biomass, food waste, biomass pretreatment, extraction, catalysis, biomass waste valorization, bioenergy conversion, green solvents
MeSH terms
Catalysis, Food, Lignin, Models, Molecular, Refuse Disposal, Solvents, Molecular Structure, Biomass, Chemical Phenomena

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