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Beyond Maslow’s Pyramid: Introducing a Typology of Thirteen Fundamental Needs for Human-Centered Design
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This paper introduces a design-focused typology of psychological human needs that includes 13 fundamental needs and 52 sub-needs (four for each fundamental need). The typology was developed to provide a practical understanding of psychological needs as a resource for user-centered design practice and research with a focus on user experience and well-being. The first part of the manuscript briefly reviews Abraham Maslow’s pioneering work on human needs, and the underlying propositions, main contributions and limitations of his motivational theory. The review results in a set of requirements for a design-focused typology of psychological needs. The second part reports on the development of the new typology. The thirteen needs were selected from six existing typologies with the use of five criteria that distinguish fundamental from non-fundamental needs. The resulting typology builds on the strengths of Maslow’s need hierarchy but rejects the hierarchical structure and adds granularity to the need categories. The third part of the paper describes three examples of how the need typology can inform design practice, illustrated with student design cases. It also presents three means for communicating the need typology. The general discussion section reflects on implications and limitations and proposes ideas for future research.
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From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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Malokani, D. K. A. K., Mehmood, K. A., & Munir, F. (2022) · journal of social sciences review · doi:10.54183/jssr.v2i4.72 · Cited by 3
Empathic Accuracy and Mental Effort During Remote Assessments of Emotions
Huber, S. L., & Rathß, N. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580824 · Cited by 3
Nurhayati, D. A. W. (2023) · DINAMIKA ILMU · doi:10.21093/di.v23i1.6036 · Cited by 5
Towards a typology of forest-managing organisations around the globe
Jenke, M., Hintz, K. S., Starfinger, M., & Gießen, L. (2023) · The International Forestry Review · doi:10.1505/146554823837244419 · Cited by 3
“These findings suggest that our typology is robust, comprehensive, and concise (Nickerson et al. 2013, Desmet and Fokkinga 2020).”
BackgroundPrivacy and Tracking in the Emerging Mobile Applications: A Survey
Boussada, R., Bouchaala, M., & Saı̈dane, L. A. (2023) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182497 · Cited by 3
“Maslow’s motivational theory is recognized as the preemi-nent theory of 20th century psychology [23].”
BackgroundGomez-Beldarrain, G., van der Maden, W., Huang, S., & Kim, E. (2023) · International Association of Societies of Design Research Congress (IASDR) · doi:10.21606/iasdr.2023.434 · Cited by 3
Sharma, M., Singh, V. K., Sharma, M. M., Patil, N., Jain, M., & Kaushik, P. (2025) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2025.02.029 · Cited by 3
Louwers, G., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., van der Heide, E. M., Pont, S. C., & Özcan, E. (2025) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104031 · Cited by 4
Design for Positive UX: From Experience Categories to Psychological Needs
Fink, V., Zeiner, K. M., Ritter, M., Burmester, M., & Eibl, M. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19679-9_19 · Cited by 3
Kitsios, F., Nousopoulou, E., & Kamariotou, M. I. (2023) · Logistics · doi:10.3390/logistics7040081 · Cited by 2
“In addition, despite the fact that the importance of digitalization has been acknowledged, there is not yet a theoretical framework in place that can direct businesses toward successfully implementing this transformation [70,71].”
BackgroundEkhaese, E. N., Husain, W., Ndimako, O. O., Hussain, K., & Owoseni, A. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2025.1506672 · Cited by 2
Kim, B.-S., Heo, I.-S., Sahithi, K. K., & Kim, S. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105622 · Cited by 2
Enhancing patient healthcare experience: A systematic review of emotional design in medical devices
Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Lai, N. Y. G., Tan, N., Luo, S., & Wong, K. H. (2026) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2025.101374 · Cited by 2
Identifying and Addressing Needs of Heterogeneous User Groups—A Case Study from the Banking Sector
Pollmann, K., Janssen, D., Fronemann, N., Velić, M., Bouillé, P., Foucault, B., & Bécam, N. B. (2022) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti6120103 · Cited by 2
Face-to-Display Workforce: Forfeiting Pay Cuts in Favour of Flexibility
Beňo, M., Hvorecký, J., & Cagáňová, D. (2023) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2023-0090 · Cited by 2
“The need for financial security is a matter of putting into operation the need for security that holds true for many, but not all, people (Desmet & Fokkinga, 2020).”
BackgroundImproving EFL Learners’ Reading Motivation With Intensive Reading Using “ReadTheory”
Anqoudi, S. A., Gabarre, C., Gabarre, S., & Aamri, S. A. (2023) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21389 · Cited by 2
User Frustration: Shaping the Experience of Automotive and Computing
Al-Sa’di, A., & Litayem, N. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Systems (ICCS) · doi:10.1109/iccs59700.2023.10335584 · Cited by 4
“In the context of technological interaction, the UX is based on the user's psychological needs, which include autonomy, competence, meaning, popularity, relatedness, security, and stimulation, as derived from Maslow's hierarchy of needs[21].”
MethodPrasol, V., Velichko, V., Cirella, G. T., Konoplina, O., Mizik, I., & Novoskoltseva, L. (2024) · Contributions to economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48735-4_17 · Cited by 2
Котенко, Т. М., & Korotkova, D. (2023) · Statistics of Ukraine · doi:10.31767/su.2(101)2023.02.04 · Cited by 3
Discussing Key Aspects of Industry 5.0 in Teaching Factories: Manufacturing Processes Level
Papacharalampopoulos, A., Korfiati, A.-M., & Stavropoulos, P. G. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65400-8_39 · Cited by 2
Key messages of advertising slogans in the maritime industry
Skračić, T., Glavinović, R., & Vukić, L. (2025) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2025.03.013 · Cited by 2
Kermavnar, T., & Desmet, P. (2022) · Base Diseño e Innovación · doi:10.52611/bdi.num6.2022.779 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEXPANDING USER NEED FINDING THROUGH ABDUCTIVE REASONING
Bruggeman, R., Chehade, E. C., & Ciuccarelli, P. (2023) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2023.175 · Cited by 2
“…or a service in the first stages of its development is largely dependent on to what extent the product or the service satisfies customer needs (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020), and latent user needs play a particularly significant role in impacting the way the product or service unexpectedly…”
BackgroundMetaverse, a Holistic Vision of the New Virtual Reality
Méndez-Aparicio, M. D., Jiménez‐Zarco, A. I., & Izquierdo‐Yusta, A. (2023) · Revista Empresa y Humanismo · doi:10.15581/015.xxvi.2.99-130 · Cited by 2
“As we move up the Maslow’s pyramid (Desmet and Fokkinga, 2020), the need for affiliation and contact keeps us hyperconnected, due to the success of social networks and online gaming communities (Barrera and Shah, 2023; Orús, 2022b).”
BackgroundAi, M., Cai, Q., Fan, Y., Li, B., Huang, R., Liu, S., Ran, Y., Wang, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35699-5_2 · Cited by 2
Anke, J., Woelfel, C., & Schmitt, F. (2023) · doi:10.25368/2022.67 · Cited by 2
Hajdu, E., Ertürkan, H., & Desmet, P. (2023) · International Association of Societies of Design Research Congress (IASDR) · doi:10.21606/iasdr.2023.513 · Cited by 1
“We connected the first-aid techniques of Winch (2013) to the 13 fundamental needs theory of Desmet and Fokkinga (2020), a design-focused framework of human psychological needs.”
Self-citationUser perceptions of intelligent offloading diabetic footwear
Hemler, S. L., Sommerich, C. M., Correia, J. C., & Pataky, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1380525 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Desmet, P., & Fokkinga, S.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Desmet, Pieter
- Venue
- Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-07-07
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 38
- ISSN
- 2414-4088 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3040037821
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 17.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453-16-009)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- psychological needs, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, human-centered design, user-centered design, user experience, well-being, fundamental human needs, motivation theories, design practice
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