The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations
Open accessAbstract
Since the introduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the late 1960s, our understanding of the regulation of muscle glycogen storage and metabolism has advanced considerably. Muscle glycogenolysis and rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation are affected by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, training status and substrate availability. Such changes to the global exercise stimulus exert regulatory effects on key enzymes and transport proteins via both hormonal control and local allosteric regulation. Given the well-documented effects of high CHO availability on promoting exercise performance, elite endurance athletes are typically advised to ensure high CHO availability before, during and after high-intensity training sessions or competition. Nonetheless, in recognition that the glycogen granule is more than a simple fuel store, it is now also accepted that glycogen is a potent regulator of the molecular cell signaling pathways that regulate the oxidative phenotype. Accordingly, the concept of deliberately training with low CHO availability has now gained increased popularity amongst athletic circles. In this review, we present an overview of the regulatory control of CHO metabolism during exercise (with a specific emphasis on muscle glycogen utilization) in order to discuss the effects of both high and low CHO availability on modulating exercise performance and training adaptations, respectively.
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“Mechanistically, low initial muscle glycogen reduces substrate availability by limiting glycogen phosphorylase activity and indirectly downregulates carbohydrate oxidation via reduced activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (78).”
From Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise and net skeletal muscle glycogen utilization: A meta-analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Glycogen is currently not only considered an energy substrate but also a regulator of the signaling pathways that regulate exercise-induced adaptations.”
From Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hearris, M., Hammond, K., Fell, J., & Morton, J.
- Affiliations
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Morton, James
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-03-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 298
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5872716
- OpenAlex
- W2792934062
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- muscle glycogen metabolism, glycogenolysis, carbohydrate oxidation, endurance performance, training effects, carbohydrate availability, glycogen storage, allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation, exercise intensity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Dietary Carbohydrates, Energy Metabolism, Glycogen, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Oxidation-Reduction, Phenotype, Physical Endurance, Signal Transduction, Muscle, Skeletal, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
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