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Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
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This study involved a randomized, controlled, single-blind 12-month treatment study of a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention. Participants were 67 children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ages 3–58 years from Arizona and 50 non-sibling neurotypical controls of similar age and gender. Treatment began with a special vitamin/mineral supplement, and additional treatments were added sequentially, including essential fatty acids, Epsom salt baths, carnitine, digestive enzymes, and a healthy gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free (HGCSF) diet. There was a significant improvement in nonverbal intellectual ability in the treatment group compared to the non-treatment group (+6.7 ± 11 IQ points vs. −0.6 ± 11 IQ points, p = 0.009) based on a blinded clinical assessment. Based on semi-blinded assessment, the treatment group, compared to the non-treatment group, had significantly greater improvement in autism symptoms and developmental age. The treatment group had significantly greater increases in EPA, DHA, carnitine, and vitamins A, B2, B5, B6, B12, folic acid, and Coenzyme Q10. The positive results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention is effective at improving nutritional status, non-verbal IQ, autism symptoms, and other symptoms in most individuals with ASD. Parents reported that the vitamin/mineral supplements, essential fatty acids, and HGCSF diet were the most beneficial.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Adams, J., Audhya, T., Geis, E., Gehn, E., Fimbres, V., Pollard, E., Mitchell, J., Ingram, J., Hellmers, R., Laake, D., Matthews, J., Li, K., Naviaux, J., Naviaux, R., Adams, R., Coleman, D., & Quig, D.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Span Diagnostics (India) (IN)
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine & Health Sciences (US)
- Arizona Allergy Associates, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Dana Laake Nutrition, Kensington, MD 20895, USA
- Nourishing Hope, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Doctor’s Data, St. Charles, IL 60174, USA
- Corresponding author
- Adams, James
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-03-17
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 369
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5872787
- OpenAlex
- W2792168441
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 15.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Autism Research Institute
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM099650)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, dietary intervention, vitamin and mineral supplementation, essential fatty acids, EPA and DHA, L-carnitine, digestive enzymes, nonverbal intelligence, autism symptoms, developmental age, nutritional status, children and adults with autism
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Diet, Healthy, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Arizona, Caseins, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Time Factors, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Dietary Supplements, Soybean Proteins, Adolescent Development, Diet, Gluten-Free, Young Adult
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