Influence of a Combined Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet on Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 12-Month Follow-Up Clinical Trial
Abstract
The use of alternative interventions, such as gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets, is frequent due to limited therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Our aims were to determine the influence of a GFCF diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD and the potential association with urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations. Thirty-seven patients were recruited for this crossover trial. Each patient consumed a normal diet (including gluten and casein) for 6 months and a GFCF diet for another 6 months. The order of the intervention (beginning with normal diet or with GFCF diet) was assigned randomly. Patients were evaluated at three time-points (at the beginning of the study, after normal diet and after GFCF diet). Questionnaires regarding behavior and autism and dietary adherence were completed and urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations were determined at each time-point. No significant behavioral changes and no association with urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations were found after GFCF diet. A 6-month GFCF diet do not induce significant changes in behavioral symptoms of autism and urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations. Further studies with a long follow-up period similar to ours and including placebo and blinding elements are needed to identify better those respondents to GFCF diets.
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Scientific evidence shows some improvements in behavior on GFCF diet.
“Although scientific evidence shows some improvements in behavior on GFCF diet, there is insufficient data to support its broader use [23,53].”
There is insufficient data to support broader use of GFCF diet.
“Although scientific evidence shows some improvements in behavior on GFCF diet, there is insufficient data to support its broader use [23,53].”
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- Authors
- González-Domenech, P. J., Díaz Atienza, F., García Pablos, C., Fernández Soto, M. L., Martínez-Ortega, J. M., & Gutiérrez-Rojas, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2019-12-07
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 935-948
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2994042930
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 7.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- gluten-free diet, casein-free diet, autism spectrum disorder, behavior disorders, children and adolescents, dietary adherence, crossover trial
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Caseins, Child, Child, Preschool, Endorphins, Female, Glutens, Humans, Male, Diet, Gluten-Free
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