Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease
Open accessAbstract
Background A reduction in dietary saturated fat has generally been thought to improve cardiovascular health.Objective The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize the evidence related to the association of dietary saturated fat with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD; CHD inclusive of stroke) in prospective epidemiologic studies.Design Twenty-one studies identified by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and secondary referencing qualified for inclusion in this study. A random-effects model was used to derive composite relative risk estimates for CHD, stroke, and CVD.Results During 5-23 y of follow-up of 347,747 subjects, 11,006 developed CHD or stroke. Intake of saturated fat was not associated with an increased risk of CHD, stroke, or CVD. The pooled relative risk estimates that compared extreme quantiles of saturated fat intake were 1.07 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.19; P = 0.22) for CHD, 0.81 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.05; P = 0.11) for stroke, and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.11; P = 0.95) for CVD. Consideration of age, sex, and study quality did not change the results.Conclusions A meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies showed that there is no significant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of CHD or CVD. More data are needed to elucidate whether CVD risks are likely to be influenced by the specific nutrients used to replace saturated fat.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A recent meta-analysis of cohort studies did not show increased relative risk for CHD or CVD with higher saturated fat intake.
“Recently, a meta-analysis of cohort studies did not show an increase in the relative risk for CHD or CVD with higher intake of saturated fat, 279”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [279]
Most diets contain high proportions of refined carbohydrates.
“On the basis of these findings and high proportions of refined carbohydrates in most diets, a focus on reducing SFA consumption, traditionally a major public health goal, needs to be paired with decreasing consumption of refined carbohydrates, starches, and sugars.141,144”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [141]
Three recent meta-analyses of all available prospective observational studies found that individuals consuming the highest amounts of saturated fatty acids had a similar incidence of CVD events as those consuming the lowest amounts.
“Conversely, 3 recent meta-analyses of all available prospective observational studies found that individuals consuming the highest amounts of SFA had a similar incidence of CVD events as those consuming the lowest amounts.61,140,141”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [141]
Many longitudinal cohort studies demonstrate largely neutral effects of overall saturated fat intake.
“This is consistent with the many longitudinal cohort studies demonstrating largely neutral effects of overall saturated fat intake (Figure 7).39, 157, 344”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [344]
Humans synthesize relatively little EPA and DHA, for which diet remains the major source.
“Humans also synthesize relatively little EPA and DHA,344 for which diet remains the major source.”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [344]
SFAs per se no longer appeared to be associated with CHD, emphasizing the potentially deleterious effects of refined, rapidly absorbed carbohydrates.
“As a result, SFAs per se no longer appeared to be associated with CHD, emphasizing the potentially deleterious effects of refined, rapidly absorbed carbohydrates.4,5”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Recent prospective cohort meta-analyses suggest an even greater increase in CHD risk when highly refined and readily absorbed carbohydrates replaced SFAs.
“However, recent prospective cohort meta-analyses suggest an even greater increase in CHD risk when highly refined and readily absorbed carbohydrates replaced SFAs.4,5”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
In meta-analyses of cohort studies, higher saturated fat intake compared with lower intake is not consistently associated with CVD (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.96-1.19).
“Saturated fats have not been consistently associated with CVD in meta-analyses of cohort studies (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.96–1.19) of higher compared with lower intakes (156).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [156]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Willett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541 · see citing works
Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies
Willett, W. C., Howe, G., & Kushi, L. H. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1220s · Cited by 3,747 · see citing works
Systematic Reviews in Health Care : Meta-Analysis in Context
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., & Altman, D. G. (2000) · Cited by 2,312 · see citing works
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711203372102 · Cited by 1,774 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta‐Analysis in Context
(2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470693926 · Cited by 1,693 · see citing works
QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1
GREENLAND, S. (1987) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036298 · Cited by 1,644 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Statistical analysis RRs and 95% CIs were log transformed to derive corresponding SEs for b-coefficients by using Greenland’s formula (37).”
MethodDing, E. L., Song, Y., Malik, V. S., & Liu, S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.11.1288 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk—a meta-analysis of observational studies
Barclay, A. W., Petocz, P., McMillan-Price, J., Flood, V. M., Prvan, T., Mitchell, P., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.3.627 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Jakobsen, M. U., O’Reilly, E. J., Heitmann, B. L., Pereira, M. A., Bälter, K., Fraser, G. E., Goldbourt, U., Hallmans, G., Knekt, P., Liu, S., et al. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States
Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Spiegelman, D. L., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7049.84 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Diet, Serum Cholesterol, and Death from Coronary Heart Disease
Shekelle, R. B., Shryock, A. M., Paul, O., Lepper, M. H., Stamler, J., Liu, S., & Raynor, W. J. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198101083040201 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Ascherio, A., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.6.1001 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease
Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26285 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Self-citationDAYTON, S., PEARCE, M. L., HASHIMOTO, S., DIXON, W. J., & TOMIYASU, U. (1969) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.40.1s2.ii-1 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Keys, A. B. (1966) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb04737.x · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Pietinen, P., Ascherio, A., Korhonen, P. A., Hartman, A. M., Willett, W. C., Albanes, D., & Virtamo, J. R. K. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009047 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Kato, H., TILLOTSON, J. L., Nichaman, M. Z., Rhoads, G. G., & Hamilton, H. B. (1973) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121518 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Oh, K. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi085 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Diet and 20-Year Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease
Kushi, L. H., Lew, R., Stare, F. J., Ellison, R. C., el Lozy, M., Bourke, G. J., Daly, L., Graham, I., Hickey, N. J., Mulcahy, R., et al. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198503283121302 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
CONTROLLED TRIAL OF SOYA-BEAN OIL IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
(1968) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(68)90746-0 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Leren, P. (1970) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.42.5.935 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Mental Hospital Study
TURPEINEN, O., J, M., PEKKARINEN, M., MIETTINEN, M., ELOSUO, R., & PAAVILAINEN, E. (1979) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/8.2.99 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Goldbourt, U., Yaari, S., & Medalie, J. H. (2008) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000175862 · Cited by 304 · cited 7× · see citing works
“6 Total CHD MR Fehily et al, 1993 (28) 512 45–59 Male UK NR Total CHD DC Goldbourt et al, 1993 (35)(2) 9767(3) 40 Male Israel NR Fatal CHD MR and DC Ascherio et al, 1996 (4) 38,463 40–75 Male USA 9.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTest of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey.
Frantz, I. D., Dawson, E. A., Ashman, P. L., Gatewood, L. C., Bartsch, G. E., Kuba, K., & Brewer, E. R. (1989) · Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc. · doi:10.1161/01.atv.9.1.129 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
TEN-YEAR INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN THE HONOLULU HEART PROGRAM
McGee, D., REED, D. M., Yano, K., Kagan, A., & TILLOTSON, J. L. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113788 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Dietary determinants of ischaemic heart disease in health conscious individuals
Mann, J. I., Appleby, P. N., Key, T. J., & Thorogood, M. (1997) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.78.5.450 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Rogers, M. C. (1969) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.40.1.1 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Inverse Association of Dietary Fat With Development of Ischemic Stroke in Men
Gillman, M. W. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550240035030 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Laaksonen, D. E. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.2.193 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
He, K., Merchant, A., Rimm, E. B., ROSNER, B. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Ascherio, A. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7418.777 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Esrey, K. L., Joseph, L., & Grover, S. A. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(95)00066-6 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women
Mozaffarian, D., Rimm, E. B., & Herrington, D. M. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1175 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Dietary lipid predictors of coronary heart disease in men. The Framingham Study
Posner, B. M. (1991) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.151.6.1181 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Controlled Trial of Soya-Bean Oil in Myocardial Infarction
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_15 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease: the Strong Heart Study
Xu, J., Eilat-Adar, S., Loria, C. M., Goldbourt, U., Howard, B. V., Fabsitz, R. R., Zephier, E. M., Mattil, C., & Lee, E. T. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.894 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Corvol, J., Bouzamondo, A., Sirol, M., Hulot, J., Sanchez, P., & Lechat, P. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.6.669 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Prospective Study of Fat and Protein Intake and Risk of Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage in Women
Iso, H., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Hu, F. B., Hennekens, C. H., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.6.856 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcía-Palmieri, M. R., Sorlie, P. D., TILLOTSON, J. L., Costas, R., Cordero, E., & Rodriguez, M. (1980) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/33.8.1818 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Sauvaget, C., Nagano, J., Hayashi, M., & Yamada, M. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000130426.52064.09 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Diet and incident ischaemic heart disease: the Caerphilly Study
FEHILY, A. M., YARNELL, J. W. G., Sweetnam, P. M., & Elwood, P. C. (1993) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19930035 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Fat and Protein Intakes and Risk of Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage among Middle-aged Japanese
Iso, H. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf166 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_67 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Possible Effect Modification by Gender and Age
Jakobsen, M. U., Overvad, K., Dyerberg, J., Schroll, M., & Heitmann, B. L. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh193 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Tucker, K. L., Hallfrisch, J. G., Qiao, N., Muller, D. C., Andres, R., & Fleg, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.556 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Boniface, D. R., & Tefft, M. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601509 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Diet, serum cholesterol, and death from coronary heart disease
Kaye, B. L., & B, S. R. (1981) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-198110000-00138 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Leósdóttir, M., Nilsson, P. M., Nilsson, J., & Berglund, G. L. (2007) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3282a56c45 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dietary Total Fat Intake and Ischemic Stroke Risk: The Northern Manhattan Study
Boden-Albala, B. M., Elkind, M. S. V., White, H., Szumski, A. E., Paik, M. C., & Sacco, R. L. (2009) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000204914 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Changes in food and nutrient intake in middle-aged men from 1960 to 1985 (the Zutphen Study)
Kromhout, D., Coulander, C. D. L., BOER, G. O., van Kampen-Donker, M., Goddijn, E., & Bloemberg, B. P. M. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.1.123 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dietary Fat Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Events in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Soinio, M., Laakso, M., Lehto, S., Hakala, P., & Rönnemaa, T. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.619 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cowdry's Arteriosclerosis: A Survey of the Problem.
(1967) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-67-3-683_3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Summary of the Research Activities of the Anti-Coronary Club
Christakis, G., Rinzler, S. H., Archer, M., & Maslansky, E. (1966) · Public Health Reports (1896-1970) · doi:10.2307/4592649 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036 · see citing works
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 · Cited by 8,490 · see citing works
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2012 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Writing Group Members, Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31823ac046 · Cited by 7,333 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Berry, J. D., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M. R., Dai, S., de Simone, G., Ford, E. S., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182009701 · Cited by 6,149 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80 · Cited by 5,207 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad · Cited by 5,292 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis
Koeth, R. A., Wang, Z., Levison, B. S., Buffa, J. A., Org, E., Sheehy, B. T., Britt, E. B., Fu, X., Wu, Y., Li, L., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3145 · Cited by 4,386 · see citing works
Self-citationEuropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary
Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G. K., Cífková, R., Dallongeville, J., Backer, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Gjelsvik, B., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 · Cited by 3,840 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the many longitudinal cohort studies demonstrating largely neutral effects of overall saturated fat intake (Figure 7).(39,157,344) Consistent with this, meats higher in processing and sodium, rather than saturated fat, are most strongly linked to CHD (see Meats, above).”
You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota
Zmora, N., Suez, J., & Elinav, E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0061-2 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Maroleanu, A., Cozma, A. I., Ha, V., Kishibe, T., Uleryk, E., Budylowski, P., Schünemann, H., Beyene, J., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h3978 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Authors/Task Force Members, Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., Cooney, M. T., Corrà, U., Cosyns, B., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316653709 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association
Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H. Y., Appel, L. J., Creager, M. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Miller, M., Rimm, E. B., Rudel, L. L., Robinson, J. G., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000510 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Micha, R., & Wallace, S. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252 · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
Functional Roles of Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Human Health
Calder, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607115595980 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Chowdhury, R., Warnakula, S., Kunutsor, S., Crowe, F., Ward, H. A., Johnson, L., Franco, O. H., Butterworth, A. S., Forouhi, N. G., Thompson, S. G., et al. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-1788 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Dehghan, M., Mente, A., Zhang, X., Swaminathan, S., Li, W., Mohan, V., Iqbal, R., Kumar, R., Wentzel-Viljoen, E., Rosengren, A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32252-3 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Orsavová, J., Mišurcová, L., Ambrožová, J. V., Robert Vícha, A., & Mlček, J. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms160612871 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Feinman, R. D., Pogozelski, W. K., Astrup, A., Bernstein, R. K., Fine, E. J., Westman, E. C., Accurso, A., Frassetto, L., Gower, B. A., McFarlane, S. I., et al. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Perk, J., Backer, G. D., Gohlke, H., Graham, I. M., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, W. M. M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., Cífková, R., et al. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.007 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease
Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26285 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Self-citationJBS3 Board (2014) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305693 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Major Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Bernstein, A. M., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., & Willett, W. C. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.915165 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Self-citationComponents of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., & Van Horn, L. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.968735 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Saturated Fats and Health: A Reassessment and Proposal for Food-Based Recommendations
Astrup, A. V., Magkos, F., Bier, D. M., Brenna, J. T., Otto, M. C. D. O., Hill, J. O., King, J. C., Mente, A., Ordovás, J. M., Volek, J. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.077 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Self-citationMicha, R., & Mozaffarian, D. (2010) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3393-4 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Saturated Fat Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke: A Science Update
Nettleton, J. A., Brouwer, I. A., Geleijnse, J. M., & Hornstra, G. (2017) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000455681 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Anand, S. S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M. A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A. M., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
“19) of higher compared with lower intakes (156).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMicha, R., Michas, G., & Mozaffarian, D. (2012) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0282-8 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Trends in meat consumption in the USA
Daniel, C. R., Cross, A. J., Koebnick, C., & Sinha, R. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980010002077 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Astrup, A., Dyerberg, J., Elwood, P., Hermansen, K., Hu, F. B., Jakobsen, M. U., Kok, F. J., Krauss, R. M., Lecerf, J. M., LeGrand, P., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004622 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citationHow well do plant based alternatives fare nutritionally compared to cow’s milk?
Vanga, S. K., & Raghavan, V. (2017) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2915-y · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Ding, E. L., Al-Delaimy, W. K., Hu, F. B., Engberink, M. F., Willett, W. C., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29866 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Self-citationMansoor, N., Vinknes, K. J., Veierød, M. B., & Retterstøl, K. (2016) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515004699 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Saturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Modulation by Replacement Nutrients
Siri‐Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2010) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Self-citationNutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe?
Tan, B. L., Norhaizan, M. E., & Liew, W.-P.-P. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/9719584 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Hooper, L., Summerbell, C., Thompson, R. L., Sills, D., Roberts, F. G., Moore, H., & Smith, G. D. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002137.pub3 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
de Oliveira Otto, M. C., Mozaffarian, D., Kromhout, D., Bertoni, A. G., Sibley, C. T., Jacobs, D. R., & Nettleton, J. A. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037770 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
The Evidence for Saturated Fat and for Sugar Related to Coronary Heart Disease
DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lucan, S. C., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2015) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2015.11.006 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization
Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes, O'Keefe, Lindeberg, & Cordain (2011) · Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.2147/rrcc.s16919 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.
Hooper, L., Martin, N., Jimoh, O., Kirk, C., Foster, E., & Abdelhamid, A. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Guasch-Ferré, M., Babio, N., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Ros, E., Martín-Peláez, S., Estruch, R., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Fiol, M., et al. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.116046 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
Perk, J., Backer, G. D., Gohlke, H., Graham, I. M., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, W. M. M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., Cífková, R., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-012-9242-5 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Okamura, T., Tsukamoto, K., Arai, H., Fujioka, Y., Ishigaki, Y., Koba, S., Ohmura, H., Shoji, T., Yokote, K., Yoshida, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2022 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Dietary fats and coronary heart disease
Willett, W. C. (2012) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02553.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Zong, G., Li, Y., Wanders, A. J., Alssema, M., Zock, P. L., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i5796 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationKhaw, K.-T., Friesen, M. D., Riboli, E., Luben, R., & Wareham, N. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001255 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Liu, A. G., Ford, N. A., Hu, F. B., Zelman, K. M., Mozaffarian, D., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0271-4 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationHuth, P. J., & Park, K. M. (2012) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.002030 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Fatty acids in cardiovascular health and disease: A comprehensive update
Baum, S. J., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Willett, W. C., Lichtenstein, A. H., Rudel, L. L., Maki, K. C., Whelan, J., Ramsden, C. E., & Block, R. (2012) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.04.077 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Enhancing the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality
Scollan, N. D., Dannenberger, D., Nuernberg, K., Richardson, R. I., MacKintosh, S., Hocquette, J.-F. J.-F., & MOLONEY, A. P. (2014) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.015 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Siri‐Tarino, P. W., Chiu, S., Bergeron, N., & Krauss, R. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034449 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationPosition of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Total Diet Approach to Healthy Eating
FREELAND-GRAVES, J. H., & Nitzke, S. A. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.12.013 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: Do We Really Need to Be Concerned?
Lordan, R., Τσούπρας, Α., Mitra, B., & Zabetakis, I. (2018) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods7030029 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Dietary fat: From foe to friend?
Ludwig, D. S., Willett, W. C., Volek, J. S., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau2096 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The Case for Diet: A Safe and Efficacious Strategy for Secondary Stroke Prevention
Dearborn, J. L., Urrutia, V., & Kernan, W. N. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Astrup, A. V. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.073015 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Dairy consumption and CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alexander, D. D., Bylsma, L. C., Vargas, A. J., Cohen, S. S., Doucette, A. G., Mohamed, M. A., Irvin, S., Miller, P. E., Watson, H. N., & Fryzek, J. P. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515005000 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Ruiz-Núñez, B., Dijck-Brouwer, J., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2016) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.007 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Cardio-Metabolic Effects of High-Fat Diets and Their Underlying Mechanisms—A Narrative Review
Wali, J. A., Jarzebska, N., Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S. J., Rodionov, R. N., & O’Sullivan, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051505 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Osorio, J. S., Lohakare, J., & Bionaz, M. (2016) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2015 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Rippe, J. M., & Angelopoulos, T. J. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110697 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Milk, Dairy Products, and Their Functional Effects in Humans: A Narrative Review of Recent Evidence
Visioli, F., & Strata, A. (2014) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.113.005025 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Hauner, H., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Brönstrup, A., Buyken, A. E., Leschik‐Bonnet, E., Linseisen, J., Schulze, M. B., Strohm, D., & Wolfram, G. (2012) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000335326 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults
Bielemann, R. M., Motta, J. V. D. S., Minten, G. C., Horta, B. L., & Gigante, D. P. (2015) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005572 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Authors/Task Force Members: Joep Perk (Chairperson) (Sweden)*, G. D. B. (. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312450228 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Martin, N., Jimoh, O. F., Kirk, C., Foster, E., & Abdelhamid, A. S. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub2 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Coronary heart disease prevention: Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns
Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Tucker, K. L. (2011) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.04.038 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Dietary Fat and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Recent Controversies and Advances.
Wang, D. D., & Hu, F. (2017) · Annual review of nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064614 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ketogenic diet: Pros and cons
O'Neill, B., & Raggi, P. (2020) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.021 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.010 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Goldsmith, J. R., & Sartor, R. B. (2014) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0953-z · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight loss
Hyde, P. N., Sapper, T. N., Crabtree, C. D., LaFountain, R. A., Bowling, M. L., Buga, A., Fell, B., McSwiney, F. T., Dickerson, R. M., Miller, V. J., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.128308 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional challenges and health implications of takeaway and fast food
Jaworowska, A., Blackham, T., Davies, I. G., & Stevenson, L. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12031 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Dietary protein sources and the risk of stroke in men and women.
Bernstein, A. M., Pan, A., Rexrode, K. M., Stampfer, M., Hu, F. B., Mozaffarian, D., & Willett, W. C. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.633404 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationBotega, D. Z., Marangoni, A. G., Smith, A. K., & Goff, H. D. (2013) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12175 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Current Evidence Supporting the Link Between Dietary Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease
Hammad, S. S., Pu, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2015) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4113-x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Fernando, W. M. A. D. B., Martins, I. J., Goozee, K. G., Brennan, C. S., Jayasena, V., & Martins, R. N. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515001452 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
WHO draft guidelines on dietary saturated and trans fatty acids: time for a new approach?
Astrup, A. V., Bertram, H. C., Bonjour, J., de Groot, C. P. G. M., Otto, M. C. D. O., Feeney, E. L., Garg, M. L., Givens, I. D., Kok, F. J., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4137 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationFriend or Foe? The Role of Animal-Source Foods in Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable Diets
Beal, T., Gardner, C. D., Herrero, M., Iannotti, L. L., Merbold, L., Nordhagen, S., & Mottet, A. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.016 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Soy Protein Reduces Serum Cholesterol by Both Intrinsic and Food Displacement Mechanisms
Jenkins, D. J. A., Mirrahimi, A., Srichaikul, K., Berryman, C. E., Wang, L., Carleton, A., Abdulnour, S., Sievenpiper, J. L., Kendall, C. W. C., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2010) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.124958 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
de Lorgeril, M., & Salen, P. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-50 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Martin, N., Abdelhamid, A., & Davey Smith, G. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011737 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Keast, D. R., Fulgoni, V. L. I., Nicklas, T. A., & O’Neil, C. E. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5010283 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Consumer Acceptability of Intramuscular Fat
Frank, D. C., Joo, S.-T., & Warner, R. D. (2016) · Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources · doi:10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.6.699 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults
Chen, M., Li, Y., Sun, Q., Pan, A., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., & Hu, F. B. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.134460 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationA 100-Year Review: Fat feeding of dairy cows
Palmquist, D. L., & Jenkins, T. C. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12924 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: A narrative review
Noakes, T. D., & Windt, J. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096491 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Vafeiadou, K., Weech, M., Altowaijri, H., Todd, S., Yaqoob, P., Jackson, K. G., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.097089 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Epidemiology and prevention of stroke: a worldwide perspective
Kuklina, E. V., Tong, X., George, M. G., & Bansil, P. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.99 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
A systematic review of the effect of dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fat on heart disease
Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2017) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.010 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: Putting together the pieces of a complicated puzzle
Michas, G., Micha, R., & Zampelas, A. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.013 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Red meat, diseases, and healthy alternatives: A critical review
Ekmekcioglu, C., Wallner, P., Kundi, M., Weisz, U., Haas, W., & Hutter, H.-P. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1158148 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Sonestedt, E., Wirfält, E., Wallström, P., Gullberg, B., Orho-Melander, M., & Hedblad, B. (2011) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9589-y · Cited by 171 · see citing works
- Authors
- Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krauss, Ronald M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 535-546
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2824152
- OpenAlex
- W2097301645
- Cited by
- 1,253
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 13.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR024131)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131, RR 024131, RR02413101)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- dietary saturated fat, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, saturated fat intake, prospective cohort, relative risk, saturated fat replacement
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Disease, Diet, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
