Comparison of the GLIM, ESPEN and ICD-10 Criteria to Diagnose Malnutrition and Predict 30-Day Outcomes: An Observational Study in an Oncology Population
Open accessAbstract
The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria are consensus criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition. This study aimed to investigate and compare the prevalence of malnutrition using the GLIM, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10) criteria; compare the level of agreement between these criteria; and identify the predictive validity of each set of criteria with respect to 30-day outcomes in a large cancer cohort. GLIM, ESPEN and ICD-10 were applied to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in 2794 participants from two cancer malnutrition point prevalence studies. Agreement between the criteria was analysed using the Cohen’s Kappa statistic. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the ability of each set of criteria to predict 30-day mortality and unplanned admission or readmission. GLIM, ESPEN and ICD-10 criteria identified 23.0%, 5.5% and 12.6% of the cohort as malnourished, respectively. Slight-to-fair agreement was reported between the criteria. All three criteria were predictive of mortality, but only the GLIM and ICD-10 criteria were predictive of unplanned admission or readmission at 30 days. The GLIM criteria identified the highest prevalence of malnutrition and had the greatest predictive ability for mortality and unplanned admission or readmission in an oncology population.
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GLIM criteria identify a higher malnutrition prevalence than ICD-10 codes in patients with cancer; in two multicenter observational studies of 2794 patients, GLIM prevalence was 23% versus 12.6%.
“For instance, GLIM criteria identified a higher malnutrition prevalence than International Classification of Disease,10th Revision codes in a large cohort of 2 multicenter observational studies with 2794 patients with cancer; malnutrition according to GLIM was nearly twice as prevalent (23% versus 12.6%).72”
From Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Poulter, S., Steer, B., Baguley, B., Edbrooke, L., & Kiss, N.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kiss, Nicole
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-07-28
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2602
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8402162
- OpenAlex
- W3184028319
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- malnutrition, GLIM criteria, ESPEN criteria, ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, cancer patients, 30-day mortality, emergency admissions, hospital readmission, diagnostic agreement, prognostic validity, malnutrition prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Eating, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Leadership, Male, Medical Oncology, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Nutritional Status, Cohort Studies, Nutrition Assessment, Prevalence, Logistic Models, International Classification of Diseases, Malnutrition, Young Adult
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