Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): Guidance on Validation of the Operational Criteria for the Diagnosis of Protein‐Energy Malnutrition in Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) created a consensus‐based framework consisting of phenotypic and etiologic criteria to record the occurrence of malnutrition in adults. This is a minimum set of practicable indicators for use in characterizing a patient/client as malnourished, considering the global variations in screening and nutrition assessment, and to be used across different healthcare settings. As with other consensus‐based frameworks for diagnosing disease states, these operational criteria require validation and reliability testing, as they are currently based solely on expert opinion. Methods: Several forms of validation and reliability are reviewed in the context of GLIM, providing guidance on how to conduct retrospective and prospective studies for criterion and construct validity. Results: There are some aspects of GLIM that require refinement; research using large databases can be employed to reach this goal. Machine learning is also introduced as a potential method to support identification of the best cut points and combinations of indicators for use with the different forms of malnutrition, which the GLIM criteria were created to denote. It is noted as well that validation and reliability testing need to occur in a variety of sectors and populations and with diverse persons using GLIM criteria. Conclusion: The guidance presented supports the conduct and publication of quality validation and reliability studies for GLIM.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One meta-analysis included a general sample of 20 studies with 10,781 patients from 13 countries, showing sensitivity of 72% (range 51%-92%) and specificity of 82% (range 73%-98%) relative to SGA or Patient-Generated SGA as the mainly used semi-gold standard.
“One included a general sample (mixed settings) of 20 studies with 10,781 patients from 13 countries, showing a sensitivity of 72% with a range of 51%–92% (ie, capacity to identify true positive cases) and a specificity of 82% with a range of 73%–98% (ie, capacity to identify true negative cases) relative to SGA or Patient‐Generated SGA as the mainly used semi‐gold standard.”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GLIM Consortium provided a guidance paper on how to perform studies targeting construct or criterion validity and predictive validity.
“the GLIM Consortium provided a guidance paper 7 , 8 on how to perform studies targeting construct or criterion validity (ie, to assure that the model identifies malnutrition) and predictive validity (ie, that the model identifies cases with adverse clinical outcomes).”
From GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 · Cited by 18,657 · see citing works
Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., et al. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169 · Cited by 13,818 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use
Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J. (1989) · Cited by 9,595 · see citing works
Using Effect Size—or Why the P Value Is Not Enough
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-12-00156.1 · Cited by 5,553 · see citing works
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions
Lublin, F. D., Reingold, S. C., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Sørensen, P. S., Thompson, A. J., Wolinsky, J. S., Balcer, L. J., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., et al. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000560 · Cited by 3,177 · see citing works
Cederholm, T., Jensen, G. L., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Fukushima, R., Higashiguchi, T., Baptista, G., Barazzoni, R., Blaauw, R., Coats, A., et al. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.002 · Cited by 3,022 · see citing works
Self-citationESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition
Cederholm, T., Barazzoni, R., Austin, P., Ballmer, P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S. C., Compher, C., Correia, I., Higashiguchi, T., Holst, M., et al. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004 · Cited by 2,560 · see citing works
Self-citationPrinciples Of Nutritional Assessment
Gibson, R. S. (2005) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171693.001.0001 · Cited by 1,887 · see citing works
Health Measurement Scales--A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use
Waclawski, E. (2010) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqp179 · Cited by 1,870 · see citing works
Cederholm, T., Jensen, G. L., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Fukushima, R., Higashiguchi, T., Baptista, G., Barazzoni, R., Blaauw, R., Coats, A. J. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12383 · Cited by 1,724 · see citing works
Self-citationJensen, G. L., Cederholm, T., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Fukushima, R., Higashiguchi, T., de Baptista, G. A., Barazzoni, R., Blaauw, R., Coats, A. J. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.1440 · Cited by 1,442 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurement reliability and agreement in psychiatry
Shrout, P. E. (1998) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029800700306 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Nutritional Assessment: A Comparison of Clinical Judgment and Objective Measurements
Baker, J. P., Detsky, A. S., Wesson, D. E., Wolman, S. L., Stewart, S., Whitewell, J., Langer, B., & Jeejeebhoy, K. N. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198204223061606 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Schuetz, P., Fehr, R., Baechli, V., Geiser, M., Deiss, M., Gomes, F., Kutz, A., Tribolet, P., Bregenzer, T., Braun, N., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32776-4 · Cited by 910 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Malnutrition may be corrected or improved by interventions that enhance food/nutrient intake and meet requirements [5] but in the presence of inflammation, such as in disease-relatedmalnutrition, the benefits of nutrition treatment may be blunted [6].”
BackgroundGuigoz, Y., Vellas, B. J., Garry, P. J., Vellas, B. J., & Albaréde, J. L. (1994) · Cited by 892 · see citing works
White, J. V., Guenter, P., Jensen, G. L., Malone, A. M., & Schofield, M. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.012 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Self-citationJensen, G. L., Mirtallo, J., Compher, C., Dhaliwal, R., Forbes, A., Grijalba, R. F., Hardy, G., Kondrup, J., Labadarios, D., Nyulasi, I., et al. (2010) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607110361910 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Self-citationde van der Schueren, M. A. E., Guaitoli, P. R., Jansma, E. P., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.04.008 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Assessing nutritional status in cancer
Jager‐Wittenaar, H., & Ottery, F. D. (2017) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000389 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationWeijs, P. J., Looijaard, W. G., Beishuizen, A., Girbes, A. R., & Oudemans-van Straaten, H. M. (2014) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0701-z · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Assessing the value of diagnostic tests: a framework for designing and evaluating trials
di Ruffano, L. F., Hyde, C., McCaffery, K. J., Bossuyt, P. M., & Deeks, J. J. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e686 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
A rational approach to nutritional assessment
Soeters, P. B., Reijven, P. L. M., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Schols, J. M. G. A., Halfens, R. J. G., Meijers, J. M. M., & van Gemert, W. G. (2008) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.07.009 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Keller, H., Goy, R., & Kane, S.-L. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602225 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationReliability and validity in a nutshell
Bannigan, K., & Watson, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02939.x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Jensen, G. L., Mirtallo, J., Compher, C., Dhaliwal, R., Forbes, A., Grijalba, R. F., Hardy, G., Kondrup, J., Labadarios, D., Nyulasi, I., et al. (2010) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.11.010 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationCederholm, T., Compher, C. W., Correia, M. I. T. D., González, M. C., Fukushima, R., Higashiguchi, T., Gossum, A. V., & Jensen, G. L. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.033 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationPower, L., Mullally, D., Gibney, E. R., Clarke, M., Visser, M., Volkert, D., Bardon, L., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., & Corish, C. A. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.02.005 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Underappreciated Role of Low Muscle Mass in the Management of Malnutrition
Deutz, N. E. P., Ashurst, I., Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Bear, D. E., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Genton, L., Landi, F., Laviano, A., Norman, K., & Prado, C. M. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.021 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis The 2013 revisions
Lublin, F., Reingold, S., Cohen, J., Cutter, G., Sorensen, P., Thompson, A. J., Wolinsky, J., Balcer, L., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., et al. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Martin, L., Hopkins, J., Malietzis, G., Jenkins, J. T., Sawyer, M. B., Brisebois, R., MacLean, A., Nelson, G., Gramlich, L., & Baracos, V. E. (2018) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-018-6652-x · Cited by 139 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, muscle quality (not yet incorporated in the GLIM) could be studied, as there is increasing evidence that not onlymuscle quantity, but also muscle quality [37] and strength [38] are associated with clinical outcomes.”
BackgroundVan Ancum, J. M., Scheerman, K., Jonkman, N. H., Smeenk, H. E., Kruizinga, R. C., Meskers, C. G. M., & Maier, A. B. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Defining malnutrition: A plea to rethink.
Soeters, P., Bozzetti, F., Cynober, L., Forbes, A., Shenkin, A., & Sobotka, L. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.032 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Nutrition Screening vs Nutrition Assessment: How Do They Differ?
Charney, P. (2008) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533608321131 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Validity of nutritional screening and assessment tools
Jones, J. M. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2003.11.005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Evidence based practice guidelines for the nutritional management of cancer cachexia
Bauer, J. D., Ash, S., Davidson, W., Hill, J. M., Brown, T. E., Isenring, E. A., & Reeves, M. M. (2006) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0080.2006.00099.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The influence of different muscle mass measurements on the diagnosis of cancer cachexia
Blauwhoff-Buskermolen, S., Langius, J. A. E., Becker‐Commissaris, A., Verheul, H. M. W., & de van der Schueren, M. A. E. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12200 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Reliability of nutritional screening and assessment tools
Jones, J. M. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2003.11.012 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fuzzy gold standards: Approaches to handling an imperfect reference standard
Walsh, T. (2018) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.04.022 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Power, L., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Leij‐Halfwerk, S., Bauer, J. M., Clarke, M., Visser, M., Volkert, D., Bardon, L. A., Gibney, E. R., & Corish, C. A. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.022 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Seeing the forest beyond the trees: Predicting survival in burn patients with machine learning
Cobb, A. N., Daungjaiboon, W., Brownlee, S. A., Baldea, A. J., Sanford, A. P., Mosier, M. M., & Kuo, P. C. (2017) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.10.027 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
van Rijssen, N. M., Rojer, A. G. M., Trappenburg, M. C., Reijnierse, E. M., Meskers, C. G. M., Maier, A. B., & de van der Schueren, M. A. E. (2018) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-018-0057-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wierdsma, N., & Kruizenga, H. M. (2017) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Henrique, J. R., Rodrigues, C. N., Ferreira, Á. R. S., & Correia, M. I. T. D. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(19)32322-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gibson RS. Principles of nutrition assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Barazzoni, R., Jensen, G. L., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Higashiguchi, T., Shi, H. P., Bischoff, S. C., Boirie, Y., Carrasco, F., Cruz-Jentoft, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.001 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of disease-related malnutrition for patients being treated in hospital
Schuetz, P., Seres, D., Lobo, D. N., Gomes, F., Kaegi-Braun, N., & Stanga, Z. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01451-3 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Malnutrition Screening and Assessment
Arbeloa, C. S., Monzón, L. L., Puzo, J., Mallor-Bonet, T., Lafita-López, A., Bueno-Vidales, N., & Montoro, M. A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122392 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Malnutrition Screening and Assessment
Serón-Arbeloa, C., Labarta-Monzón, L., Puzo-Foncillas, J., Mallor-Bonet, T., Lafita-López, A., Bueno-Vidales, N., & Montoro-Huguet, M. (2022) · doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0071.v1 · Cited by 312
Compher, C., Cederholm, T., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Higashiguch, T., Shi, H. P., Bischoff, S. C., Boirie, Y., Carrasco, F., Cruz‐Jentoft, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2366 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationCorreia, M. I. T. D., Tappenden, K. A., Malone, A. M., Prado, C. M. M., Evans, D. C., Sauer, A. C., Hegazi, R. A. F., & Gramlich, L. M. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.018 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationGuigoz, Y., & Vellas, B. (2021) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1601-y · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Accuracy of the GLIM criteria for diagnosing malnutrition: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Huo, Z., Chong, F., Yin, L., Lu, Z., Liu, J., & Xu, H. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.04.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5-year update
Cederholm, T., Jensen, G. L., Correia, M. I. T. D., González, M. C., Fukushima, R., Pisprasert, V., Blaauw, R., Cárdenas, D., Fernando Carrasco, N., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.03.018 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationCortes, R., Malih, N., Abbate, M., Fresneda, S., Yáñez, A. M., & Bennasar‐Veny, M. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update
Jensen, G. L., Cederholm, T., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Fukushima, R., Pisprasert, V., Blaauw, R., Braz, D. C., Carrasco, F., Cruz Jentoft, A. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2756 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationYeung, S. S. Y., Chan, R., Kwok, T. C. Y., Lee, J. S. W., & Woo, J. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.029 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Obesity and critical care nutrition: current practice gaps and directions for future research
Dickerson, R. N., Andromalos, L., Brown, J. C., Correia, M. I. T. D., Pritts, W., Ridley, E. J., Robinson, K. N., Rosenthal, M. D., & van Zanten, A. R. H. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04148-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationGLIM‐defined malnutrition and overall survival in cancer patients: A meta‐analysis
Yin, L., Chong, F., Huo, Z., Li, N., Liu, J., & Xu, H. (2022) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2463 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Díaz, G., T.D. Correia, M. I., Gonzalez, M. C., & Reyes, M. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Yin, L., Lin, X., Liu, J., Li, N., He, X., Zhang, M., Guo, J., Yang, J., Deng, L., Wang, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2070 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Díaz-Feijóo, B., Agusti-Garcia, N., Sebio, R., López-Hernández, A., Sisó, M., Glickman, A., Carreras-Dieguez, N., Fusté, P., Marina, T., Martínez-Egea, J., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14071635 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
GLIM criteria to identify malnutrition in patients in hospital settings: A systematic review
Alves, L. F., de Jesus, J. D. S., Britto, V. N. M., de Jesus, S. A., Santos, G. S., & de Oliveira, C. C. (2023) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2533 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Liu, C., Lu, Z., Li, Z., Xu, J., Cui, H., & Zhu, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.774636 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Andersen, A. L., Nielsen, R. L., Houlind, M. B., Tavenier, J., Rasmussen, L. J. H., Jørgensen, L. M., Treldal, C., Beck, A. M., Pedersen, M. M., Andersen, O., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082757 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Fang, Y., Peng, Z. Y., & Liu, W. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082744 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Poulter, S., Steer, B., Baguley, B., Edbrooke, L., & Kiss, N. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082602 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Landgrebe, M., Tobberup, R., Carus, A., & Rasmussen, H. H. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yin, L., Lin, X., Zhao, Z., Li, N., He, X., Zhang, M., Yang, J., Guo, Z., Li, Z., Wang, K., et al. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05975-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Malnutrition screening tools in gastrointestinal cancer: A systematic review of concurrent validity
Deftereos, I., Djordjevic, A., Carter, V. M., McNamara, J., Yeung, J. M. C., & Kiss, N. K. (2021) · Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2021.101627 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Key approaches to diagnosing malnutrition in adults
Malone, A. M., & Mogensen, K. M. (2021) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10810 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Einarsson, S., Karlsson, H.-E., Björ, O., Haylock, A.-K., & Ehrsson, Y. T. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.174 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Orell, H., Pohju, A., Osterlund, P. J., Schwab, U., Ravasco, P., & Mäkitie, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1030619 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
IJmker-Hemink, V. E., Heerschop, S. N., Wanten, G. J. A., & van den Berg, M. G. A. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.07.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yin, L., Fan, Y., Lin, X., Zhang, L., Li, N., Liu, J., Guo, J., Zhang, M., He, X., Liu, L., et al. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521002531 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Botero, L., Banks, M., Gordon, E. H., Bauer, J. D., & Young, A. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cederholm, T., & Barazzoni, R. (2022) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000886 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationJimenez, E. Y., Lamers-Johnson, E., Long, J. M., McCabe, G., Ma, X., Woodcock, L., Bliss, C., Abram, J. K., & Steiber, A. L. (2024) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationJimenez, E. Y., Long, J. M., Lamers‐Johnson, E., Woodcock, L., Bliss, C., Lee, J. D., Parrott, J. S., Hand, R. K., Kelley, K., Abram, J. K., et al. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.03.017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of GLIM criteria on malnutrition in older Chinese inpatients
Ji, T., Li, Y., Liu, P., Zhang, Y.-X., Song, Y., & Ma, L.-N. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.969666 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review
Uhl, S., Siddique, S. M., McKeever, L., Bloschichak, A. M., D’Anci, K. E., Leas, B. F., Mull, N. K., & Tsou, A. Y. (2021) · doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer249 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Przekop, Z., Milewska, M., Szostak-Węgierek, D. E., Pańczyk, M., & Sobocki, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030502 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yang, W., Guo, G., Cui, B., Li, Y., Sun, M., Li, C., Wang, X., Mao, L., Hui, Y., Fan, X., et al. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111860 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chaar, D. E., Mattar, L., & Khoury, C. F. E. (2022) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2347 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yeung, S. S. Y., Chan, J. H.-Y., Chan, R., Sham, A., Ho, S. C., & Woo, J. (2021) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1610-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gao, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, S., Liu, H., Zhou, D., Li, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.643907 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Visser, J., Cederholm, T., Philips, L., & Blaauw, R. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCompher, C. W., Jensen, G. L., Malone, A. M., Morgan, S., Becker, S., Cresta, L., Paul, A. M., & Steiber, A. L. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.02.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationOuaijan, K., Hwalla, N., Kandala, N., & Mpinga, E. K. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11050730 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Chen, X., Lu, W., Fang, Y., Peng, Z. Y., & Liu, W. (2023) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.11103 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nutritional support for the trauma and emergency general surgery patient: What you need to know
Hartwell, J. L., Evans, D. C., & Martin, M. J. (2024) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000004283 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Browne, S., Geraghty, A. A., & Corish, C. A. (2021) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665121003670 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bernardes, S., Teixeira, P. J. Z., & Silva, F. M. (2022) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2390 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nutrition Care for Poorly Nourished Outpatients Reduces Resource Use and Lowers Costs
Hong, K. M., SULO, S. S., Wang, W., Kim, S., Huettner, L., Taroyan, R., Kerr, K. W., & Kaloostian, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211017014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, X., Tang, X., Jin-song, X., Zhang, R., Chu, J., Chen, C., & Wei, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1442094 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Keller, H., Laur, C. V., Dhaliwal, R., Allard, J. P., Clermont‐Dejean, N. M., Duerksen, D. R., Elias, E. D., Gramlich, L. M., Lakananurak, N., & Laporte, M. (2020) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2047 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, G., Yang, W., Wang, S., Hui, Y., Cui, B., Wang, X., Li, C., Mao, L., Fan, X., & Sun, C. (2023) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10983 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Rodríguez, D., Demonceau, C., Bruyère, O., Cavalier, E., Reginster, J., & Beaudart, C. (2023) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107817 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Foletto, E., Bernardes, S., Milanez, D. S. J., Razzera, E. L., & Silva, F. M. (2024) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2629 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sun, M., Wang, Y., Zheng, T., Wang, X., Lin, F., Zheng, L., Wang, M.-Y., Zhang, P.-H., Chen, L., Yao, Y., et al. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.08.030 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hartwell, J. L., Peck, K. A., Ley, E. J., Brown, C. V. R., Moore, E. E., Sperry, J. L., Rizzo, A. G., Rosen, N. G., Brasel, K. J., Weinberg, J. A., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000003326 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
dos Santos, A. L. S., Santos, B. C., Frazão, L. N., Miranda, A. L., Fayh, A. P. T., Silva, F. M., González, M. C., Correia, M. I. T. D., Souza, N. C., Anastácio, L. R., et al. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112324 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationJimenez, E. Y., Lamers‐Johnson, E., Long, J. M., Woodcock, L., Bliss, C., & Steiber, A. L. (2024) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114288 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, J., Xu, X., Tian, M., Wang, H., & Jin, X. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-12872-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Advancements in malnutrition in elderly inflammatory bowel disease patients
Mao, Y., Xu, Y., Fan, Y., Lü, B., Huang, X., & Xu, L. (2023) · Gastroenterology & Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gande.2023.10.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yang, W., Guo, G., Mao, L., Hui, Y., Wang, X., Yu, Z., Sun, M., Li, Y., Fan, X., Cui, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2452 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Hu, C., Li, R., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, R., Li, Z., She, J., & Shi, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1237047 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yuan, Z., Jiang, C., Lao, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Zhu, Y., Chen, C., Ran, J., Wang, C., & Zhu, P. (2024) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114524000874 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rushton, A., Young, A., Keller, H., Bauer, J. D., & Bell, J. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040446 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationTan, Z.-K.-K., Tang, W.-Z., Jia, K., Li, D., Qiu, L.-Y., Chen, X., & Yang, L. (2024) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001817 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Karachaliou, A., Bletsa, M., Mantzaris, G. J., Archavlis, E., Karampekos, G., Tzouvala, M., Zacharopoulou, E., Bamias, G., Kokkotis, G., & Kontogianni, M. D. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.11.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gao, X., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Tian, H., Zhou, D., Li, G., Ren, B., Li, G., Zhao, W., Yu, J., et al. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111748 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Atchade, E., de Tymowski, C., Lepitre, E., Zappella, N., Snauwaert, A., Jean‐Baptiste, S., Tran‐Dinh, A., Lortat‐Jacob, B., Messika, J., Mal, H., et al. (2024) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-024-02977-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Smith, L. O., Vest, M. T., Rovner, A. J., Caplan, R. J., Trabulsi, J., Patel, J. B., Meng, S. W., Shapero, M., & Earthman, C. P. (2024) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2610 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reyes, L. M., García‐Moreno, R. M., Plaza, B. L., & Milla, S. P. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16234099 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition-Diagnosed Malnutrition in Lung Transplant Candidates
Calañas-Continente, A., Gutiérrez-Botella, J., García-Currás, J., Cobos, M., Vaquero, J. M., Herrera-Martínez, A. D., Molina, M. J., & Gálvez, M. Á. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030376 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thul, J., Pruett, T. L., & Teigen, L. M. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.04.028 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fu, H., Li, P., Yang, J., & Jiang, H. (2024) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s485400 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, H., Gao, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01084-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Molle, J., Agnel, J., Colson, S., & Chays‐Amania, A. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2025.100414 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Incorporating handgrip strength examination into dietetic practice: A quality improvement project
Sandhu, R., & Lee, T. (2023) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10972 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moraes, G. V., Santos, B. C., Anastácio, L. R., dos Santos, N. T. O., Maltos, A. L., de Oliveira, C. D. C. H. B., & Castro, S. D. S. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112224 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Peri-operative nutrition in cardiovascular surgery: current pitfalls and future directions
Vinck, E., van Ierland, K. M., Rendon, J., Escobar, J. J., Quintero-Gomez, A., Saldarriaga, C., van Brakel, T. V., Klautz, R., & Cárdenas, D. (2021) · Acta Chirurgica Belgica · doi:10.1080/00015458.2021.2020009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in malnutrition research: a bibliometric analysis
Yuliansyah, H., Sulistyawati, S., Sukesi, T. W., Mulasari, S. A., & Ali, W. N. S. W. (2023) · Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application · doi:10.31763/businta.v7i1.605 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jensen, G. L., Compher, C. W., Malone, A. M., & Guenter, P. (2021) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2187 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z., Cao, Y., He, Y., Hao, M., Wu, S., Li, L., Wang, Q., Sun, X., & Wu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1612417 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kring, S. I. I., Beck, A. M., Wessel, I., Ustrup, K. S., Dieperink, K. B., Zwisler, A., & Kristensen, M. B. (2025) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2025.2567026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Díaz, G., Prado, C. M. M., González, M. C., & Rugeles, M.-P. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.106121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM)
Jensen, G. L., & Compher, C. W. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.06.028 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, H., Li, P., Sun, S., & Li, L. (2024) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s471127 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tonder, E. V., Wenhold, F. A. M., & Blaauw, R. (2025) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1080/16070658.2025.2455287 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Zhu, J. W., Qiao, Y., Jiang, X., Jin, W., & Li, J. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf043 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Guidance and perspectives on highly processed foods
Panahi, S., Jones, W., Duncan, A. M., Ferland, G., Keller, H., Grantham, A., & House, J. D. (2022) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2022-0150 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationProgram Studi Magister Ilmu Gizi, D. I. G., Leoni, A. P., Amelia, W. R., Program Studi Magister Ilmu Gizi, D. I. G., Laksmi, P. W., Divisi Geriatri, D. I. P. D., Syauqy, A., & Program Studi Magister Ilmu Gizi, D. I. G. (2023) · Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia · doi:10.7454/jpdi.v10i1.1104 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mikkelsen, S., Køhler, M., Østergaard, T., & Rasmussen, H. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pettit, M. S., Crowder, S. L., Ackerman, R. S., Hafez, O., Poch, M., & Patel, S. Y. (2023) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2023.2244172 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nutritional Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Geriatrics
Holst, M., & Beck, A. M. (2021) · Perspectives in nursing management and care for older adults · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63892-4_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Malnutrition Increases the Risk of Mortality in Hospitalized Lung Cancer Patients
Chong, F.-F., Yin, L., Liu, J., Li, N., Guo, J., Fan, Y., Zhang, M.-Y., Zhang, L., He, X.-M., Zhang, H., et al. (2022) · journal of nutritional oncology · doi:10.34175/jno202201005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
COVID-19 Salgını: Diyetisyenlerin Rolü ve Rehberler
Pekcan, A. G. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.33076/2020.bdd.1395 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Martins, C., Saeki, S. L., do Nascimento, M. M., Júnior, F. M. L., Vavruk, A. M., Meireles, C. L., Justino, S. R., Mafra, D., Rabito, E. I., Schieferdecker, M. E. M., et al. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0210 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ethical duty, ethics and right to nutritional care
Talavera, M. L. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2023.01.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xu, J., Li, J., Chen, H., Li, Q., Wu, Y., Chen, X.-J., & Kong, X.-J. (2024) · International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition · doi:10.31083/ijvnr26099 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shimba, Y., Nakatogawa, H., Suzumura, R., & Watanabe, T. (2023) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.70.226 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Liu, R., Wu, Y., MD, M., & Ji, J. (2023) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-023-05689-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aldridge, T., Mathias, K., Bergquist, J. R., Fong, Y. Y., Li, A. Y., & Visser, B. C. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Keller, H., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., for the GLIM Consortium, Jensen, G. L., Barazzoni, R., Compher, C., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Jager‐Wittenaar, H., Pirlich, M., Steiber, A., Waitzberg, D., & Cederholm, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Department of Nutrition and Health School of Allied Health HAN University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen the Netherlands
- University of Vermont (US)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- Post‐Graduate Program in Health and Behaviour Catholic University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Clinical Nutrition Imperial Oak Outpatient Clinic (Kaisereiche) Berlin Germany
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Keller, Heather
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-06-11
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 992-1003
- ISSN
- 0148-6071 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-2444
- OpenAlex
- W3034377458
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- GLIM, protein-energy malnutrition, criterion validity, construct validity, reliability testing, machine learning, cut points
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Leadership, Nutritional Status, Prospective Studies, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Retrospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Malnutrition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
