Role of Whole Grain Consumption in Glycaemic Control of Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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Background: Observational studies have indicated beneficial effects of whole grain consumption on human health. However, no evidence based on randomized controlled trials has been established. Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of whole grain consumption in glycaemic control of diabetic patients. Methods: A comprehensive search in four databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane library) was conducted to collect potential articles which measured the roles of whole grain consumption on glycaemic control up to October 2021. Results: A total of 16 eligible trials involving 1068 subjects were identified to evaluate the pooled effect. The overall results indicated that compared with the control group, whole grain intake presented a significantly reduced concentration in fast plasma glucose (WMD = −0.51 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.73, −0.28; I2 = 88.6%, p < 0.001), a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (WMD = −0.39 μU × mol/L2, 95% CI: −0.73, −0.04; I2 = 58.4%, p = 0.014), and glycosylated haemoglobin (WMD = −0.56%, 95% CI: −0.88, −0.25, I2 = 88.5%, p < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed in fast plasma insulin level between groups (SMD = −0.05, 95% CI: −0.25, 0.14; I2 = 40.7%, p = 0.120). In terms of incremental area under the curve (iAUC), data suggested that whole grain effected a significant decrease in Glucose-iAUC (WMD = −233.09 min × mmol/L, 95% CI: −451.62, −14.57; I2 = 96.1%, p < 0.001) and Insulin-iAUC (SMD = −4.80, 95% CI: −8.36, −1.23; I2 = 89.9%, p = 0.002), although only in a small number of studies. Of note, there is evidence for modest unexplained heterogeneity in the present meta-analysis. Conclusion: Whole grain consumption confers a beneficial effect on glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes. Regrettably, since relevant studies were scarce, we failed to provide confident evidence of whole grain consumption on acute effects including Glucose-iAUC and Insulin-iAUC, which should be addressed in further trials.
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Carbohydrate-rich foods that may be more effective in ameliorating postprandial hyperglycemia and IR include legumes/pulses, whole grains, and pasta.
“Carbohydrate-rich foods that may be more effective in ameliorating postprandial hyperglycemia and IR include legumes/pulses [85,86,87], whole grains [88,89,90,91], and pasta [92].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Xu, D., Fu, L., Pan, D., Lu, Y., Yang, C., Wang, Y., Wang, S., & Sun, G.
- Affiliations
- Southeast University (CN)
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (CN)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Guiju
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-12-27
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8746707
- OpenAlex
- W4200577045
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Postgraduate Research＆Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX21-0164)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- whole grain intake, glycemic control, diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, HbA1c, insulin, incremental area under the curve, dietary intervention, glycemic index, glycemic load
- MeSH terms
- Whole Grains, Glycemic Control, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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