The Relationship between Whole-Grain Intake and Measures of Cognitive Decline, Mood, and Anxiety—A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Greater intake of whole grains, compared to refined grains, is consistently associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with cognitive decline. To better understand the relationship between whole-grain intake, cognition, mood, and anxiety, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize available evidence linking whole grains to these outcomes. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2021 for potentially relevant observational and interventional studies. Risk of bias (RoB) assessments were performed using the newly developed Nutrition Quality Evaluation Strengthening Tools, and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to determine the strength of evidence for each outcome. In total, 23 studies [4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 19 observational studies] met the predefined eligibility criteria. Of these,12 studies included analysis of whole-grain intake and cognitive decline, 9 included mood outcomes, and 2 included both cognition and mood outcomes. The overall evidence for an association between whole-grain intake and cognition is inconclusive. With respect to mood outcomes, evidence from RCTs prospective cohort and case-control studies suggest that higher intake is linked to improved outcomes for mood and depression although the evidence is mixed for cross-sectional studies. Reporting of whole-grain intake fell short of suggested standards, and the strength of available evidence was low or very low for all outcomes. A high RoB toward studies reporting results was also noted, complicating both the interpretation of some studies and the combined evidence. Of note, few well-designed RCTs assessing the effect of whole-grain intake on measures of cognition, mood, and anxiety were identified, highlighting the need for more studies in this area. The available, although limited, evidence suggests that greater whole-grain intake is associated with better mood and anxiety-related scores and is inconclusive regarding cognitive outcomes. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021266355.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A systematic review showed an association between reduced anxiety and higher whole-grain intake.
“A systematic review showed that there was an association between reduced anxiety and a higher whole-grain intake [52]”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430 · see citing works
RetractedPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Sterne, J. A. C., Savović, J., Page, M. J., Elbers, R. G., Blencowe, N. S., Boutron, I., Cates, C. J., Cheng, H.-Y., Corbett, M. S., Eldridge, S. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898 · Cited by 33,583 · see citing works
Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews.
Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 · Cited by 26,092 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two investigators independently screened abstracts using the Rayyan software for systematic reviews [23].”
MethodGRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575 · see citing works
NIA‐AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease
Jack, C. R., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., Carrillo, M. C., Dunn, B., Haeberlein, S. B., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W., Jessen, F., Karlawish, J., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 · Cited by 10,537 · see citing works
What is ‘quality of evidence’ and why is it important to clinicians?
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Vist, G. E., Falck-Ytter, Y., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39490.551019.be · Cited by 3,250 · see citing works
Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease
Butterfield, D. A., & Halliwell, B. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0132-6 · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease: Definition, Natural History, and Diagnostic Criteria
Dubois, B., Hampel, H., Feldman, H. H., Scheltens, P., Aisen, P., Andrieu, S., Bakardjian, H., Benali, H., Bertram, L., Blennow, K., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.002 · Cited by 1,925 · see citing works
Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Reynolds, A., Mann, J., Cummings, J., Winter, N., Mete, E., & Te Morenga, L. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31809-9 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works
Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer
Franco, A., Malhotra, N., & Simonovits, G. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1255484 · Cited by 1,542 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The problem of nonreporting of null results biasing literature reviews is known across scientific research [93].”
BackgroundCognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications
Biessels, G. J., & Despa, F. (2018) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0048-7 · Cited by 1,454 · see citing works
Aune, D., Keum, N., Giovannucci, E., Fadnes, L. T., Boffetta, P., Greenwood, D. C., Tonstad, S., Vatten, L. J., Riboli, E., & Norat, T. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i2716 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders
Sweeney, M. D., Kisler, K., Montagne, A., Toga, A. W., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0234-x · Cited by 998 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To keep the brain supplied with glucose, lipids, and other building blocks for normal function, a high degree of blood perfusion is necessary, and dysfunction in brain vasculature may play a role in cognitive decline and disease [55].”
BackgroundSmith, A. D., Smith, S. M., de Jager, C. A., Whitbread, P., Johnston, C., Agacinski, G., Oulhaj, A., Bradley, K. M., Jacoby, R., & Refsum, H. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012244 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
The Preclinical Phase of Alzheimer Disease: A 22-Year Prospective Study of the Framingham Cohort
Elias, M. F., Beiser, A., Wolf, P. A., Au, R., White, R. F., & D'Agostino, R. B. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.6.808 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health?
Bourassa, M. W., Alim, I., Bultman, S. J., & Ratan, R. R. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.009 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5 · Cited by 539 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Cognitive decline covers a broad spectrum of neurological disorders related to a nd Evaluation; HDS, Hasegawa Dementia Scale; NUQUEST, Nutrition Quality T2D, type 2 diabetes; UHHPBR, ultrahigh hydrostatic pressurized brown rice.”
BackgroundInfluentialMajor Cereal Grains Production and Use around the World
Awika, J. M. (2011) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2011-1089.ch001 · Cited by 468 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given the fact that cereal-based foods are a dietary staple across many cultures worldwide [100], incorporating whole-grain foods is a simple step for improving overall diet quality, and one that can have a major impact on overall health and potentially cognitive and mental health.”
BackgroundRoager, H. M., Vogt, J. K., Kristensen, M., Hansen, L. B. S., Ibrügger, S., Mærkedahl, R. B., Bahl, M. I., Lind, M. V., Nielsen, R. L., Frøkiær, H., et al. (2017) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314786 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Self-citationShapiro, S. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117324 · Cited by 354 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are concerns about using meta-analysis methodology, originally devised for similar clinical study designs, especially when there is considerable heterogeneity in outcome tests used and how exposure has been measured [95] as well as the resulting focus on a single metric that, if based on observational data, cann…”
Depression, Anxiety, and Apathy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Current Perspectives
Ma, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00009 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Anastasiou, C. A., Yannakoulia, M., Kosmidis, M. H., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Sakka, P., Arampatzi, X., Bougea, A. M., Labropoulos, I., & Scarmeas, N. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182048 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Food for thought: how nutrition impacts cognition and emotion
Spencer, S. J., Kőrösi, A., Layé, S., Shukitt‐Hale, B., & Barrientos, R. M. (2017) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-017-0008-y · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Gangwisch, J. E., Hale, L., Garcia, L., Malaspina, D., Opler, M. G., Payne, M. E., Rossom, R. C., & Lane, D. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.103846 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Pol, K., Christensen, R., Bartels, E. M., Raben, A., Tetens, I., & Kristensen, M. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064659 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Wengreen, H. J., Munger, R. G., Cutler, A., Quach, A., Bowles, A. J., Corcoran, C. D., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., & Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.051276 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations of Depression: Relation to the Neurobiology of Stress
Gold, P. W., Machado-Vieira, R., & Pavlatou, M. G. (2015) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2015/581976 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The Impact of Disease Comorbidities in Alzheimer’s Disease
Santiago, J. A., & Potashkin, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.631770 · Cited by 259 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This unregulated inflammatory response may also be linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease [92].”
BackgroundAdvances in Cereal Science: Implications to Food Processing and Health Promotion
Awika, J. M., Piironen, V. I., & Bean, S. R. (2011) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2011-1089 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Hollænder, P. L., Ross, A. B., & Kristensen, M. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.109165 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationIsmail, Z., Gatchel, J., Bateman, D. R., Barcelos-Ferreira, R., Cantillon, M., Jaeger, J., Donovan, N. J., Mortby, M. E., & Mortby, M. E. (2018) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217001880 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Ding, M., Sampson, L., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Wang, M., Rosner, B., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2206 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia
Morris, M. C. (2011) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665111003296 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Ross, A. B., Bruce, S. J., Blondel‐Lubrano, A., Oguey-Araymon, S., Beaumont, M., Bourgeois, A., Nielsen-Moennoz, C., Vigo, M., Fay, L., Kochhar, S., et al. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510005209 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationMediterranean Diet and Cognitive Function in Older Age
Samieri, C., Grodstein, F., ROSNER, B. A., Kang, J. H., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Okereke, O. I. (2013) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318294a065 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Association of food groups with depression and anxiety disorders
Gibson-Smith, D., Bot, M., Brouwer, I. A., Visser, M., Giltay, E. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2019) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-01943-4 · Cited by 161 · cited 3× · see citing works
“[43] studies reported whole-grain intakes that are far in excess of mean whole-grain intakes reported globally [13].”
BackgroundSamieri, C., Okereke, O. I., Devore, E. E., & Grodstein, F. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.169896 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Whole grain consumption and human health: an umbrella review of observational studies
Tieri, M., Ghelfi, F., Vitale, M., Vetrani, C., Marventano, S., Lafranconi, A., Godos, J., Titta, L., Gambera, A., Alonzo, E., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2020.1715354 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Dietary Assessment Instruments are Susceptible to Intervention-associated Response Set Bias
Kristal, A. R., Andrilla, C. H. A., Koepsell, T. D., Diehr, P. H., & Cheadle, A. D. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00012-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Whole grains and incident hypertension in men.
Flint, A. J., Hu, F. B., Glynn, R. J., Jensen, M. K., Franz, M., Sampson, L., & Rimm, E. B. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27460 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Stanciu, G. D., Bild, V., Ababei, D. C., Rusu, R.-N., Cobzaru, A., Păduraru, L., & Bulea, D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061713 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in French elders
Raffaitin, C., Féart, C., Goff, M. L., Amieva, H., Helmer, C., Akbaraly, T. N., Tzourio, C., Gin, H., & Barberger‐Gateau, P. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31820b7656 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Shakersain, B., Rizzuto, D., Larsson, S. C., Irving, G. F., Fratiglioni, L., & Xu, W. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020229 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Decline Among Chinese Older Adults
Qin, B., Adair, L. S., Plassman, B. L., Batis, C., Edwards, L. J., Popkin, B. M., & Méndez, M. A. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000338 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Perspective: A Definition for Whole-Grain Food Products—Recommendations from the Healthgrain Forum
Ross, A. B., van der Kamp, J. W., King, R., Lê, K., Mejborn, H., Seal, C. J., & Thielecke, F. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.014001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health
Ekstrand, B., Scheers, N., Rasmussen, M. K., Young, J. F., Ross, A. B., & Landberg, R. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa091 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationWhole-Grain Processing and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Åberg, S., Mann, J. I., Neumann, S., Ross, A. B., & Reynolds, A. N. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-0263 · Cited by 107 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Cognitive decline covers a broad spectrum of neurological disorders related to a nd Evaluation; HDS, Hasegawa Dementia Scale; NUQUEST, Nutrition Quality T2D, type 2 diabetes; UHHPBR, ultrahigh hydrostatic pressurized brown rice.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRoss, A. B., Zangger, A., & Guiraud, S. P. (2013) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.122 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Notably, cereal foods are the major source of dietary glycine betaine [74], and studies have found that whole-grain interventions increase circulating betaine [75], whereas a wheat aleurone layer intervention reduced plasma homocysteine and increased betaine in healthy subjects [76] and other betaine-conjugated compou…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNdam, V. N., Schluesener, J. K., Moundipa, P. F., & Schluesener, H. J. (2014) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400290 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Miller, V., Micha, R., Choi, E., Karageorgou, D., Webb, P., & Mozaffarian, D. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46705 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Role of One-Carbon Metabolism in Schizophrenia and Depression
Frankenburg, F. R. (2007) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220701551136 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Review of whole grain and dietary fiber recommendations and intake levels in different countries
Miller, K. B. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz052 · Cited by 95 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[43] studies reported whole-grain intakes that are far in excess of mean whole-grain intakes reported globally [13].”
BackgroundMusa-Veloso, K., Poon, T., Harkness, L. S., O'Shea, M., & Chu, Y. (2018) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy112 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Recommendations for reporting whole-grain intake in observational and intervention studies
Ross, A. B., Kristensen, M., Seal, C. J., Jacques, P. F., & McKeown, N. M. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.098046 · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“None of the studies scored higher than 2 out of 5 for thewholegrain reporting assessment scale developed for this study, suggesting that there are considerable gaps in how whole-grain intake has been assessed and reported compared with what is recommended [26].”
ResultSelf-citationDiet, lifestyle and cognitive function in old Chinese adults
Dong, L., Xiao, R., Cai, C., Xu, Z., Wang, S., Pan, L., & Yuan, L. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.12.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Malin, S. K., Kullman, E. L., Scelsi, A. R., Haus, J. M., Filion, J., Pagadala, M. R., Godin, J.-P., Kochhar, S., Ross, A. B., & Kirwan, J. P. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationPattern of polyphenol intake and the long-term risk of dementia in older persons
Lefèvre‐Arbogast, S., Gaudout, D., Bensalem, J., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J., Hejblum, B. P., Féart, C., Delcourt, C., & Samieri, C. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005607 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Better diet quality relates to larger brain tissue volumes
Croll, P. H., Voortman, T., Ikram, M. A., Franco, O. H., Schoufour, J. D., Bos, D., & Vernooij, M. W. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005691 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sadeghi, O., Keshteli, A. H., Afshar, H., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Adibi, P. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1585-x · Cited by 70 · cited 4× · see citing works
“[46] reported the mean of the lowest quartile of intake as 0 g/d and the highest quartile as 54 g/d for both men and women.”
BackgroundInfluentialCitrus Polyphenols in Brain Health and Disease: Current Perspectives
Pontifex, M. G., Malik, M., Connell, E., Müller, M. M., & Vauzour, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.640648 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Dayon, L., Guiraud, S. P., Corthésy, J., Silva, L. D., Migliavacca, E., Tautvydaitė, D., Oikonomidi, A., Moullet, B., Henry, H., Métairon, S., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0270-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Price, R. K., Keaveney, E. M., Hamill, L. L., Wallace, J. M. W., Ward, M., Ueland, P. M., McNulty, H., Strain, J. J., Parker, M. J., & Welch, R. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.126961 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Biomarkers of cereal food intake
Landberg, R., Hanhineva, K., Tuohy, K. M., Garcia‐Aloy, M., Biskup, I., Llorach, R., Yin, X., Brennan, L., & Kolehmainen, M. (2019) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-019-0651-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mamiya, T., Asanuma, T., Kise, M., Ito, Y., Mizukuchi, A., Aoto, H., & Ukai, M. (2004) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.27.1041 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Diets rich in whole grains increase betainized compounds associated with glucose metabolism
Kärkkäinen, O. K., Lankinen, M. A., Vitale, M., Jokkala, J., Leppänen, J., Koistinen, V., Lehtonen, M., Giacco, R., Rosa‐Sibakov, N., Micard, V., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy169 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Milesi, G., Rangan, A., & Grafenauer, S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14020374 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Relationships between whole-grain intake and markers of inflammation are less clear, with only 39% of RCTs on whole grains leading to a reduction in standard biomarkers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6, and TNF) [90], although it was noted that overweight or obese populations were more likely to have significant decreases i…”
BackgroundThree Different Types of β-Glucans Enhance Cognition: The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis
Hu, M., Zhang, P., Wang, R. L., Zhou, M., Pang, N., Cui, X., Ge, X., Liu, X., Huang, X., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.848930 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Guo, H., Ding, J., Liang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.695620 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yamagishi, K., Maruyama, K., Ikeda, A., Nagao, M., Noda, H., Umesawa, M., Hayama-Terada, M., Muraki, I., Okada, C., Tanaka, M., et al. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2027592 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sanders, L., Zhu, Y., Wilcox, M. L., Koecher, K. J., & Maki, K. C. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.2017838 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ghanbari‐Gohari, F., Mousavi, S. M., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2022) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2811 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pre-germinated brown rice could enhance maternal mental health and immunity during lactation
Sakamoto, S., Hayashi, T., Hayashi, K., Murai, F., Hori, M., Kimoto, K., & Murakami, K. (2007) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-007-0678-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Food intake and blood cholesterol levels of community-based adults with mood disorders
Davison, K., & Kaplan, B. J. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-10 · Cited by 41 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The RoB for these studies was rated as neutral [47] or poor [53].”
BackgroundInfluentialHuang, W.-C., Huang, Y.-C., Lee, M., Chang, H., & Doong, J.-Y. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020418 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rahmani, S., Sadeghi, O., Sadeghian, M., Sadeghi, N., Larijani, B. A., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz063 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Yao, Z., Cao, Y.-N., Peng, L., Yan, Z., & Zhao, G. (2020) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05691 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Definitions of coarse cereals vary and may refer to whole grains but often include lentils and other legumes and may exclude rice and wheat [51], limiting our interpretation of “coarse cereals” as “whole grains.”
BackgroundPriebe, M. G., Wachters-Hagedoorn, R. E., Heimweg, J. A. J., Small, A., Preston, T., Elzinga, H., Stellaard, F., & Vonk, R. J. (2008) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-008-0743-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dietary intake and cognitive function: evidence from the Bogalusa Heart Study
Fortune, N. C., Harville, E. W., Guralnik, J. M., Gustat, J., Chen, W., Qi, L., & Bazzano, L. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz026 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Musa‐Veloso, K., Noori, D., Venditti, C. C., Poon, T. H., Johnson, J., Harkness, L. S., O’Shea, M., & Chu, Y. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa349 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Andersen, J. L. M., Halkjær, J., Rostgaard‐Hansen, A. L., Martinussen, N., Lund, A.-S. Q., Kyrø, C., Tjønneland, A. M., & Olsen, A. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02289-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Koecher, K. J., McKeown, N. M., Sawicki, C. M., Menon, R. S., & Slavin, J. L. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz008 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“665 microbiota populations is mixed, with most studies finding no or limited changes to fecal microbiota relative to refined grains, possibly explained by a high degree of heterogeneity in study design and intervention foods [65,66], a reoccurring theme in whole-grain intervention studies.”
BackgroundSelf-citationXu, D., Fu, L., Pan, D., Lu, Y., Yang, C., Wang, Y., Wang, S., & Sun, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010109 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hagl, S., Asseburg, H., Heinrich, M., Sus, N., Blumrich, E., Dringen, R., Frank, J., & Eckert, G. P. (2016) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-016-8420-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kelly, S., Greene-Finestone, L. S., Yetley, E. A. D., Benkhedda, K., Brooks, S. P. J., Wells, G. A., & MacFarlane, A. J. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab335 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Homocysteine, antioxidant micronutrients and late onset dementia
Whalley, L. J., Duthie, S. J., Collins, A. R., Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J., Lemmon, H. A., Duthie, A. C., Murray, A. D., & Staff, R. T. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0526-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Esmaeilpour, M., Ghasemian, S., & Alizadeh, M. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114519000333 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Whole grains beyond fibre: what can metabolomics tell us about mechanisms?
Ross, A. B. (2014) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665114001542 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationSavitz, D. A., & Forastiere, F. (2021) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2021-107702 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kleppang, A. L., Ridder, K. D., Haugland, S. H., & Stea, T. H. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01215-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kuroda, Y., Matsuzaki, K., Wakatsuki, H., Shido, O., Harauma, A., Moriguchi, T., Sugimoto, H., Yamaguchi, S., Yoshino, K., & Hashimoto, M. (2019) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.65.s80 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impact of a Nordic diet on psychological function in young students
Abbaszadeh, A., Saharkhiz, M., Khorasanchi, Z., Karbasi, S., Askari, M., Hoseini, Z. S., Ayadilord, M., Mahmoudzadeh, S., Rezapour, H., Enayati, H., et al. (2020) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106020964981 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Assessment of dietary habits of patients with recurrent depressive disorders
Stefańska, E., Wendołowicz, A., Cwalina, U., Kowzan, U., Konarzewska, B., Szulc, A., & Ostrowska, L. (2014) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/31780 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Food consumption and mild cognitive impairment in Qingdao rural elderly: A cross-sectional study.
Xu, R. P., Gao, T., Cai, J., Zhang, H., Zhou, H. P., Ding, K., Chen, L., Zhong, F., & Ma, A. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.6133/apjcn.202012_29(4).0023 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lanuza, F., Petermann-Rocha, F. E., Celis-Morales, C. A., Concha‐Cisternas, Y., Nazar, G., Troncoso-Pantoja, C., Lassere-Laso, N., Martínez-Sangüinetti, M. A., Parra-Soto, S. L., Zamora‐Ros, R., et al. (2021) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of Continuous Dewaxed Brown Rice Ingestion on the Cognitive Function of Elderly Individuals
Uenobe, M., Saika, T., Waku, N., Ohno, M., & Inagawa, H. (2019) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.65.s122 · Cited by 9 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Neither study found a change to the Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS), although one found an improvement in HDS score in a low cognitive function subgroup associated with improved cognition [30] (Table 2, Supplemental Table 6), whereas a 2-y intervention found that daily intake of preprocessed brown rice improved changes…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKurkinen, K., Kärkkäinen, O. K., Lehto, S. M., Luoma, I., Kraav, S., Nieminen, A. I., Kivimäki, P., Therman, S., & Tolmunen, T. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100261 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lanuza, F., Petermann-Rocha, F., Celis-Morales, C., Concha-Cisternas, Y., Nazar, G., Troncoso-Pantoja, C., Lassere-Laso, N., Martínez-Sanguinetti, M. A., Parra-Soto, S., Zamora-Ros, R., et al. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021004869 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“B.R oss et al. A dvances in N utrition 14 (2023) 652 –670 658 Mood, anxiety, and depression Lanuza, 2021 [45] Chile 2031 65.9 [NR] 48.2 NR Generally healthy14 FFQ (whole-grain bread, whole-grain cereal, or any food product that contains whole-grain flour) Composite International Diagnostic…”
BackgroundInfluentialStefańska, E., Wendołowicz, A., Cwalina, U., Kowzan, U., Konarzewska, B., Szulc, A., & Ostrowska, L. (2017) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.5604/12321966.1233554 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jones, J. M., Korczak, R., Peña, R. J., & Braun, H. J. (2017) · Cereal Foods World · doi:10.1094/cfw-62-3-0104 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jones, J. M., Peña, R. J., Korczak, R., & Braun, H. J. (2017) · Cereal Foods World · doi:10.1094/cfw-62-4-0162 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 104 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [21]Higgins J.P.T. Thomas J. Chandler J. Cumpston M. Li T. Page M.J. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.1.0 2011 John Wiley & Sons Chichester
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Enriching the Mediterranean diet could nourish the brain more effectively
Picone, P., Girgenti, A., Buttacavoli, M., & Nuzzo, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1489489 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Nutrition for dementia prevention: a state of the art update for clinicians
Townsend, R. F., McGrattan, A., Gregory, S., Ritchie, C. W., Stevenson, E., & Shannon, O. M. (2024) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afae030 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kelly, S., Brooks, S. P. J., Benkhedda, K., MacFarlane, A. J., Greene-Finestone, L. S., Skidmore, B., Clifford, T., & Wells, G. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111408 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jian, Y., Cheng, L., Hong, Y., Li, Z., Li, C., Ban, X., Zhu, L., & Gu, Z. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15245080 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“SDS, RS, and many whole grains could reduce the risks of these metabolic diseases through a smooth postprandial glucose response and positive regulation of the gut microenvironment, thus hindering and delaying the related cognitive decline [158,159].”
BackgroundAssociation of Whole Grain Consumption and Cognitive Decline
Liu, X.-R., Beck, T., Dhana, K., Desai, P., Krueger, K. R., Tangney, C., Holland, T., Agarwal, P., Evans, D. A., & Rajan, K. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207938 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“13 In addition, there is limited evidence on how whole grain consumption relates to cognitive function, particularly, among di ff erent racial groups.”
BackgroundRelationship between triglyceride-glucose index and endometriosis: a cross-sectional analysis
Cao, Y., Yang, Q., Mai, Q., Wuliu, J., & Deng, K. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03287-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Insulin resistance may induce an inflammatory response, creating a vicious cycle that disrupts endometrial tissue function [51, 52], facilitating the attachment and spread of ectopic endometrial tissue [53, 54].”
BackgroundWang, H., Guan, Y., Du, H., Dai, P., Zhong, J., Yu, M., & Li, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071271 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Whole grains exert protective effects on mental health [48].”
Lu, L., Cai, S., Xiao, Q., Peng, J., Li, F., Li, Y., Li, B., Li, T., & Rong, S. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03522-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns and Indicators of Cognitive Function
Chen, H., Cortese, M., Flores‐Torres, M. H., Tessier, A., Wang, D. D., Kang, J. H., Eliassen, A. H., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Willett, W. C., et al. (2026) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.0062 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Godos, J., Micek, A., Carota, G., Venuta, C. D., Mauro, A. D., Furnari, F., Balzano, R., Giorgio, J. D., Leonardi, A., Caruso, G., et al. (2025) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/1973798x251360765 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“122 Taken together, these fi ndings underscore the mechanistic basis by which (poly)phenolic compounds in whole grains contribute to brain health preservation, providing a compelling rationale for their inclusion in dietary strategies aimed at promoting cognitive resilience and neuroprotection.”
InfluentialLi, Z., Ye, K. X., Yang, M., Lee, T.-S. W., John Suckling, A., Feng, L., Wang, Z., & Chen, C. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116977 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes.
Ramírez-Goerke, M. I., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17040682 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A systematic review showed that there was an association between reduced anxiety and a higher whole-grain intake [52], which agrees with our results.”
Zapawi, M. M. M., You, Y. X., Shahar, S., Shahril, M. R., Rivan, N. F. M., Fakhruddin, N. N. I. N. M., & Yap, A. X. W. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04966-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A systematic review by Ross et al. (2023) highlighted that most studies reported a positive relationship between whole-grain consumption and measures of cognitive decline, anxiety, and mood.”
BackgroundExploring the therapeutic potential of barley grain in type 2 diabetes management: a review
Gebre, B. A., Liu, X., Zhang, C., Ma, M., Abate, S., Yao, T., & Sui, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.17205 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, S., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, W., Xu, Y., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15040791 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The quality of spring common wheat varieties for making bread from whole grain flour
Askhadullin, D. F., Askhadullin, D. F., Василова, Н. З., Kirillova, E. S., Saubanova, G., Gaifullina, G. R., Хусаинова, И. И., & Tazutdinova, M. R. (2025) · Agrarian science · doi:10.32634/0869-8155-2025-398-09-125-133 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Soldevila‐Domenech, N., Ayala‐García, A., Zhou, X., Yi, S.-Y. Y., Ros, E., Sala‐Vila, A., Lehtisalo, J., Steffen, L. M., de la Torre, R., Blackwell, C. K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101694 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Miyake, H., Nanri, A., Okazaki, H., Miyamoto, T., Kochi, T., Kabe, I., Tomizawa, A., Yamamoto, S., Konishi, M., Dohi, S., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13842 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“28,29 This has prompted us to also create a modi fi ed score by incorporating these foods into the traditional diet.”
Shen, M., Yu, X., Wu, S., Qiu, J., Wang, R., Li, K., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105182 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Betaine: A Promising Natural Product for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases
Zhang, Y., Ke, Z., Luo, J., Chen, Q., Jiang, X., Xiong, J., & Deng, L. (2025) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/011570159x375540250718094903 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Novel medicinal agents are being explored, and the beneficial roles of druggable nutraceuticals in preventing and/or treating these diseases have been emphasized [6].”
Guo, S., Feng, J., Wang, Y., & Li, H. (2024) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2024.2420265 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that higher whole grain intake is associated with improved emotional state, and increased whole grain intake can help reduce anxiety and depression mood scores (Ross et al. 2023).”
Gouhari, F., Zandi, R., Talebi, S., Mehrvar, A., & Shariatpanahi, Z. V. (2024) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2024.106325 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between dietary index for gut microbiota and cognitive function
Sun, C., Tan, T., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1618220 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diet, brain, and mental health
Melaku, Y. A., Mekonnen, T. C., Abebe, Z., & Shi, Z. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33841-0.00018-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Cao, Y., Fang, W., Sannoh, M., Zhang, H., Ni, R., & Pan, G. (2024) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-024-01499-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The detrimental effects of plant-derived foods (such as re fi ned grains, sugars, and salt-preserved vegetables) on cognition have been widely observed [10 – 13].”
Takahashi, M., Kokubun, K., Yoda, M., Kawaoka, S., Nakase, T., Ohara, T., & Taki, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4719225/v1
Effects of different intake levels of brown rice and whole wheat on the mental state of mice
Zhi, L., Wu, T., Zhu, Y., Zhao, Q., Xue, Y., & Shen, Q. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146664
Hezaveh, Z. S., Moodi, M., Fakhrzadeh, H., Arzaghi, S. M., Esmaeili, A., Khodabakhshi, H., Shadman, Z., Khorashadizadeh, M., Ejtahed, H., & Sharifi, F. (2025) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-025-00408-5
“…symptoms consumed almost as much bread as those with minimal case-control study showing higher whole-grain intake among non-depressed individuals [30] as well as studies from Chile [ 31 ] and a recent systematic review [ 15 ] linking greater whole-grain intake to better mood in older adults.”
Bot, M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.26345645
Ageing, Wealth, and Diet: A Global Cross-National Analysis of Cereal Consumption and Dementia Risk
You, W., Garcia, L. R., Ratnayake, S. G. K., Sumar, B., Henneberg, M., Feng, S., & Chang, H.-C. (2026) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000551241
Wang, Z., & Wang, S. (2026) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-026-03959-z
Masood, F., Minó, A., Sadiq, F., Mahmood, R., Costanzo, A. D., & Angiolillo, A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18071135
“…common among healthier populations, while more refined and less varied dietary pattern are frequently observed among individuals with cognitive decline [6–8 Furthermore, both the HLT group and individuals with dementia were asked why they preferred a specific type of flour for preparing chapati.”
Takahashi, M., Kokubun, K., Yoda, M., Kawaoka, S., Nakase, T., Tadashi, O., & Taki, Y. (2026) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-026-05384-5
Whole and refined grains consumption and social interaction in children: a cross-sectional study
Aliakbari, M., Lari, M. M. H., Nouri, P., Mollaei, M., Jamkarani, Z. K., Nematolahi, F., & Milajerdi, A. (2026) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-026-01350-z
“A systematic review by Ross et al. on adults concluded that higher intake of whole grains was associated with better mood and anxiety-related scores [11].”
Brain Foods: A Narrative Review of Food Items and Their Impact on Cognition over the Life Course
Hardaway, C., Tiwari, C., Bonna, A. S., Adesogan, A. T., & McKune, S. L. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18111779
“Whole grains provide steady glucose, B vitamins, and fiber that support energy metabolism and gut/brain signaling [72].”
InfluentialChakraborty, A., & Guha, S. (2026) · Recent Progress in Nutrition · doi:10.21926/rpn.2602008
Mirjalili, F. S., Jambarsang, S., Yazd, E. F., Dianatinasab, M., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Schram, M. T., Koster, A., Salehi‐Abargouei, A., Yu, E. Y.-W., Zeegers, M. P., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101415
Ren, Y., Li, Y., Wang, L., Fan, M., & Ren, Y. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.109591
Dietary factors and cognitive aging: Mapping epidemiological evidence and the role of gut microbiota
Chen, H., Shen, J., Liu, X., Ni, J., Rong, S., Zheng, J.-S., Xu, W., Huang, G., Luo, B., Zheng, Y., et al. (2026) · The Innovation Nutrition · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-nutri.2026.100030
van Vuren, E. J., O'Neil, A. E., Ashtree, D. N., Lane, M. M., Orr, R., Pieters, M., & van Zyl, T. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/2938819
The MIND Diet and Physical Activity in Cognitive Ageing: From Mechanisms to Multidomain Trials
Lim, Y. L., Tan, X., Heng, L. C., & Cheong, C. Y. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18213579
- Authors
- Ross, A. B., Shertukde, S. P., Livingston Staffier, K., Chung, M., Jacques, P. F., & McKeown, N. M.
- Affiliations
- AgResearch (NZ)
- Tufts University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ross, Alastair B.
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 652-670
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC10334137
- OpenAlex
- W4366438784
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- AgResearch
- Funders
- General Mills
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- whole grains, refined grains, cognitive decline, mood, depression, anxiety, diet and cognition, risk of bias
- MeSH terms
- Whole Grains, Anxiety, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
