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Cited by 113Gut microbiota and healthTryptophan and brain disordersGastrointestinal motility and disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Role of the Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder

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Młynarska, Ewelina, Gadzinowska, Joanna, Tokarek, Julita, Forycka, Joanna, Szuman, Aleksandra, Franczyk, Beata, Rysz, Jacek·2022·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu14091921PMC PMC9105444
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Abstract

The role of gut microbiota and its association with the central nervous system via the microbiome-brain-gut axis has been widely discussed in the literature. The aim of this review is to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the development of depression and underlying molecular mechanisms. There are two possible pathways in which this interaction might occur. The first one suggests that depressive disorder could lead to dysbiosis and one of the causes may be the influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The second one considers if changes in the composition of gut microbiota might cause depressive disorder. The mechanisms that could be responsible for this interaction include the secretion of neurotransmitters, gut peptides and the activation of the immune system. However, current knowledge on this topic does not allow for us to state an unambiguous conclusion, and future studies that take into consideration more precise stress-measurement methods are needed to further explore direct mechanisms of the interaction between gut microbiota and mental health.

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Figure 1 Hypothetic communication pathway between the brain and the gut microbiota in the depressive state. A depressed state triggers alterations in the microbiota via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. This might lead to intestinal symptoms which can be further exacerbated by stress [10].
Figure 1 Hypothetic communication pathway between the brain and the gut microbiota in the depressive state. A depressed state triggers alterations in the microbiota via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. This might lead to intestinal symptoms which can be further exacerbated by stress [10].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Hypothetic communication pathways between the gut microbiota and the brain in the depressive state.
Figure 2 Hypothetic communication pathways between the gut microbiota and the brain in the depressive state.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Bains, N., and Abdijadid, S. (2021). Major Depressive Disorder. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/.
  2. Selye, H. (1978). The Stress of Life, McGraw-Hill.

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Metadata

Authors
Młynarska, E., Gadzinowska, J., Tokarek, J., Forycka, J., Szuman, A., Franczyk, B., & Rysz, J.
Affiliations
Medical University of Lodz (PL)
Corresponding author
Młynarska, Ewelina
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-05-04
Volume
14
Issue
9
Pages
1921
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu14091921
PMC
PMC9105444
OpenAlex
W4225384750
Cited by
109
References
123
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26
FWCI
2.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords
gut microbiota, depression, dysbiosis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotransmitters, gut peptides, immune activation, stress, mental health
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain-Gut Axis, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Dysbiosis

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