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Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Adequate nutrition is fundamental to the health and performance of young athletes. However, many fail to meet nutritional recommendations. Nutrition education programmes are promising, cost-effective strategies for improving dietary habits. However, research gaps persist, coupled with notable variability amongst the intervention programmes targeting youth athletes. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of Portuguese youth athletes and to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition education programme in improving football players’ understanding of a healthy diet. Methods: Participants were recruited from a local football club through public announcement. Male youth football players aged 13 to 18 years, training at least 3 times per week and competing regularly over the past six months, were eligible. The baseline assessment included anthropometric measurements, an assessment of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet using the KIDMED questionnaire, and an assessment of general and sports nutrition knowledge via a structured questionnaire. Following the intervention—comprising three face-to-face educational sessions and two digital infographics—the KIDMED and nutrition knowledge questionnaires were re-administered. Results: A sample of 38 male footballers were eligible for this study. Most participants exhibited a healthy body weight, with a corresponding adequate body composition. The mean KIDMED score indicated moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet with no statistically significant difference between the baseline and post-intervention (6.79 ± 1.52 versus 6.97 ± 2.01, p > 0.05). There was a significant enhancement in overall nutrition knowledge, accompanied by notable improvements in the comprehension of macro- and micronutrient sources and sports nutrition principles. Conclusions: This pilot programme proved effective in enhancing young football players’ knowledge of nutrient sources and sports nutrition.
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TL;DR
This pilot quasi-experimental study assessed nutritional knowledge and Mediterranean diet adherence in 38 male Portuguese youth football players and tested a nutrition education programme. It found significant improvements in overall nutrition knowledge and most PGENSK domains, but no significant change in KIDMED adherence.
Key findings
- In 38 male footballers, mean KIDMED score was in the moderate adherence interval and did not change significantly pre- vs post-intervention (6.79 ± 1.52 versus 6.97 ± 2.01, p > 0.05); 18 participants (47.34%) increased their KIDMED score, and 12 had high adherence before the intervention.
- PGENSK scores improved significantly overall and in macro- and micronutrient sources, sports nutrition, and global score (p < 0.001); food label was the only domain without a significant improvement. Observed power for the significant increases was greater than 95%.
- Anthropometry: mean BMI was 20.8 ± 2.2 kg/m²; 81.58% were of normal weight; one player was overweight; there were no obese footballers. Of participants who underwent body composition assessment, 78.9% had normal body fat of 10–20%, while eight had high body fat values.
Methods
- Community trial, quasi-experimental, during the 2024/2025 football season. Participants were recruited from a local football club through a public announcement. Eligible participants were male youth football players aged 13–18, training at least 3 times per week and competing regularly over the past six months. From 130 male youth soccer players, 44 met eligibility criteria at baseline; 38 male footballers were included.
- Baseline assessment included anthropometric measurements, KIDMED for Mediterranean diet adherence, and an adapted PGENSK general and sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire (43 questions; maximum score 47). The abstract reports three face-to-face educational sessions and two digital infographics, while the methods/results report two in-person sessions and two infographics. KIDMED and PGENSK were re-administered after the intervention.
- Analysis used descriptive statistics and a one-way repeated measures MANOVA on four PGENSK variables (Macro and micronutrients, Food label, Sports nutrition, Global score) across two timepoints, using SPSS version 30.0 and a 5% significance level.
Limitations
- Stated: this is a pilot study and should be extended to include a larger sample and all age groups within adolescence. Time restrictions for the teams made several interventions challenging. Female footballers were not permitted to attend the same training sessions where assessments and interventions took place, so this pilot included only male players although YANEI is intended for young female and male athletes.
- Stated: further studies are needed to evaluate the impact on actual dietary behaviours, and long-term follow-up should be considered.
- Evident from the text: no control group is described, and the discrepancy between the abstract’s “three face-to-face educational sessions” and the methods/results’ “two in-person sessions” is not reconciled. The study assessed nutrition knowledge and KIDMED adherence rather than dietary intake or behaviour.
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In the paper
“Although it increased slightly after the interventions, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the average KIDMED score before and after the interventions, as presented in Table 2.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The mean KIDMED score indicated moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet with no statistically significant difference between the baseline and post-intervention (6.79 ± 1.52 versus 6.97 ± 2.01, p > 0.05).”
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > 3. Results > 3.2. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Before and After Interventions
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean KIDMED score was in the moderate adherence interval (4–7).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“The mean KIDMED score indicated moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet with no statistically significant difference between the baseline and post-intervention (6.79 ± 1.52 versus 6.97 ± 2.01, p > 0.05).”
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > 3. Results > 3.2. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Before and After Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
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In the paper
“The multivariate tests based on Pillai’s trace statistics showed that there was a difference in the four combined variables over time, that is, between the pre- and post-intervention (p < 0.001).”
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > 3. Results > 3.3. The Impact of Interventions in Knowledge About Nutrition and Sports Nutrition
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In the paper
“In fact, of the studies included in this systematic review, 27 out of 32 found that nutrition education interventions improved nutrition knowledge.”
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Tam, 2019, Effectiveness of Education Interventions Designed to Improve Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes: A Systematic Review, Sports Med. source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, evidence has shown that most football players do not meet nutritional recommendations [3,4].”
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Danielik, K., Książek, A., Zagrodna, A., and Słowińska-Lisowska, M. (2022). How Do Male Football Players Meet Dietary Recommendations? A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Chryssanthopoulos, C., Souglis, A., Tsalouhidou, S., Hulton, A.T., Bogdanis, G.C., Petridou, A., Philippou, A., Maridaki, M., and Theos, A. (2024). Dietary Intake of Soccer Players before, during and after an Official Game: Influence of Competition Level and Playing Position. Nutrients, 16. source
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In the citing paper
“Twenty-seven unique studies (7, 8, 11, 13–24, 28–39) were included.”
In the citing paper
“Soccer/football was most represented (11, 13–15, 17, 19, 20, 29, 32–34, 38), followed by volleyball (31, 35, 36), basketball (39), handball (23, 37), baseball (16), hockey (28), American football (7, 8, 22), and mixed-sport youth settings (18, 21, 24, 30).”
In the citing paper
“Some studies used posters or web-apps (11, 12), short face-to-face or digital education (13, 14), team-based life-skills programs, practical guidance, or dietary feedback (15–17), controlled dietary modification (18), and multicomponent sport-based education (19).”
In the citing paper
“but Mediterranean diet adherence did not significantly change”
In the citing paper
“Vicente et al. (14) improved nutrition knowledge in young football players”
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In the paper
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > Abstract
“Following the intervention—comprising three face-to-face educational sessions and two digital infographics—the KIDMED and nutrition knowledge questionnaires were re-administered.”
§ Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4. Educative Interventions
“Following the initial assessment phase, the young athletes attended two in-person nutrition education sessions and received two infographics.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vicente, F., Anastácio, L., Monteiro, A., Brito, J., Ramalho, R., & Pereira, P.
- Affiliations
- Escola Superior de Saúde Egas Moniz (PT)
- NUTRIWIN, Praceta Manuel Gouveia 1, 2725-372 Algueirão-Mem Martins, Portugal
- Corresponding author
- Vicente, Filipa
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-07-23
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2404
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12348160
- OpenAlex
- W4412594315
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositório Comum (Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- FCT/MCTES (10.54499/UIDB/04585/2020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Dietetics, Nutrition, and Education
- Keywords
- nutrition education, youth football players, sports nutrition knowledge, Mediterranean diet adherence, KIDMED questionnaire, dietary habits, adolescent boys, body composition, micronutrients, digital infographics
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Healthy, Adolescent, Health Education, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Nutritional Status, Pilot Projects, Portugal, Surveys and Questionnaires, Soccer, Diet, Mediterranean, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Sciences, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
