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Cited by 71Iron Metabolism and DisordersErythropoietin and Anemia TreatmentHemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders

Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Comprehensive Overview of Established and Emerging Concepts

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Kolarš, Bela, Mijatović Jovin, Vesna, Živanović, Nemanja, Minaković, Ivana, Gvozdenović, Nemanja, Dickov Kokeza, Isidora, Lesjak, Marija·2025·Pharmaceuticals
DOI 10.3390/ph18081104PMC PMC12389209
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Abstract

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting approximately one in four individuals, with a particularly high burden among children, women of reproductive age, and populations in low- and middle-income countries. It contributes significantly to the global burden of disease, with consequences ranging from impaired cognitive and motor development in children to increased risks during pregnancy, including low birth weight, preterm delivery, and maternal mortality, as well as reduced physical performance and quality of life in adults. ID often precedes iron deficiency anemia (IDA), though clinical and functional impairments—such as cognitive deficits, immune dysfunction, and fatigue—can occur even in the absence of anemia. Despite its widespread nature, challenges remain in precisely defining, diagnosing, and treating ID effectively. Advances in diagnostic tools allow for earlier detection, while novel therapeutic strategies, including updated oral dosing regimens and modern intravenous iron formulations, offer improved efficacy and tolerability. These approaches are particularly valuable in minimizing gastrointestinal side effects and enhancing patient adherence. This review is based on a comprehensive literature search conducted primarily through PubMed and Scopus, emphasizing studies published within the past 10–15 years. It is thematically structured to explore the epidemiology, health consequences, diagnostic complexities, and therapeutic developments related to ID. It highlights the multifactorial nature of ID and underscores the urgent need for early identification, targeted interventions, and updated clinical guidelines to reduce the long-term health and societal impacts of this preventable and treatable condition.

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Authors
Kolarš, B., Mijatović Jovin, V., Živanović, N., Minaković, I., Gvozdenović, N., Dickov Kokeza, I., & Lesjak, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Novi Sad (RS)
  • Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
  • Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
ORCID
Venue
Pharmaceuticals
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-07-25
Volume
18
Issue
8
Pages
1104
ISSN
1424-8247 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ph18081104
PMC
PMC12389209
OpenAlex
W4412711603
Cited by
71
References
216
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 9
FWCI
11.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmaceuticals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia (17797)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
Keywords
iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, micronutrient deficiency, cognitive development, pregnancy outcomes, maternal mortality, immune dysfunction, fatigue, iron deficiency diagnosis, oral iron supplementation, medication adherence, low- and middle-income countries

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