Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that appropriately planned vegetarian, including vegan, diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. These diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood, and for athletes. Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than diets rich in animal products because they use fewer natural resources and are associated with much less environmental damage. Vegetarians and vegans are at reduced risk of certain health conditions, including ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer, and obesity. Low intake of saturated fat and high intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, soy products, nuts, and seeds (all rich in fiber and phytochemicals) are characteristics of vegetarian and vegan diets that produce lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and better serum glucose control. These factors contribute to reduction of chronic disease. Vegans need reliable sources of vitamin B-12, such as fortified foods or supplements.
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Dietary guidelines recommend vegetarian-patterned diets.
“Dietary guidelines recommend vegetarian-patterned diets.”
From Optimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
A vegan dietary pattern is typically lower in energy density but higher in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients compared with other dietary patterns.
“A vegan dietary pattern is typically lower in energy density but higher in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients compared with other dietary patterns.15”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
A vegan dietary pattern can sometimes limit specific nutrients, such as vitamin B12, iron, and calcium.
“However, sometimes a vegan dietary pattern can limit specific nutrients, such as vitamin B12, iron, and calcium.15,16”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
Many patients are interested in vegan dietary patterns for animal welfare reasons or environmental concerns alongside documented health benefits, which may be a useful impetus to promote behavioral change.
“Many patients are interested in vegan dietary patterns for animal welfare reasons or because of environmental concerns alongside documented health benefits, which may be a useful impetus to promote behavioral change.25,77,78”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
Restricted intake of foods emphasized in the 2021 AHA Dietary Guidance places adults following vegan patterns at risk for macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin B12 deficiency.
“In addition, restricted intake of foods emphasized in the 2021 AHA Dietary Guidance, which was intended to help adults meet their nutrient needs through foods, places adults following vegan patterns at risk for macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin B 12 deficiency.25”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
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“and evolving) used to describe different gradations of such diets [1,2].”
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- Authors
- Melina, V., Craig, W., & Levin, S.
- Affiliations
- Andrews University (US)
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Levin, Susan
- Venue
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1970-1980
- ISSN
- 2212-2672 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2549537750
- Cited by
- 1,360
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 232 · 2021: 201 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 70.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Keywords
- vegetarian diet, vegan diet, plant-based diet, nutritional adequacy, disease prevention, environmental sustainability, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer risk, obesity, cholesterol, serum glucose, vitamin B12, life cycle nutrition, athletes
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietetics, Humans, Hypertension, Neoplasms, Nutritional Requirements, Obesity, Societies, Scientific, Diet, Vegetarian, Myocardial Ischemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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