The DOI matches its Crossref record; 220 of the 222 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant (immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typically associated with infections. Carbohydrates displayed on the surface of pathogens are often recognized as PAMPs by receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, carbohydrates and their analogues have been used as adjuvants and delivery systems to promote antigen transport to APCs. Carbohydrates are biocompatible, usually nontoxic, biodegradable, and some are mucoadhesive. As such, carbohydrates and their derivatives have been intensively explored for the development of new adjuvants. This review assesses the immunological functions of carbohydrate ligands and their ability to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against co-administered antigens. The role of carbohydrate-based adjuvants/delivery systems in the development of subunit vaccines is discussed in detail.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As for anticancer vaccines, carbohydrates also play a twofold key role for antimicrobial vaccines, providing the specificity of the immune response against pathogen and immunogenicity [269].”
From GANAB and N-Glycans Substrates Are Relevant in Human Physiology, Polycystic Pathology and Multiple Sclerosis: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [269]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Kawai, T., & Akira, S. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1863 · Cited by 9,304
CD1d-Restricted and TCR-Mediated Activation of V α 14 NKT Cells by Glycosylceramides
Kawano, T., Cui, J., Koezuka, Y., Toura, I., Kaneko, Y., Motoki, K., Ueno, H., Nakagawa, R., Sato, H., Kondo, E., et al. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5343.1626 · Cited by 2,400
Regulation of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System
Iwasaki, A., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1183021 · Cited by 2,220
Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines
Reed, S. G., Orr, M. T., & Fox, C. B. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3409 · Cited by 1,478
Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan Activate Dendritic Cells via Toll-like Receptor 4
Termeer, C., Benedix, F., Sleeman, J., Fieber, C., Voith, U., Ahrens, T., Miyake, K., Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C., & Simon, J. C. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20001858 · Cited by 1,378
The ins and outs of MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation
Roche, P. A., & Furuta, K. (2015) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3818 · Cited by 1,207
The immune geography of IgA induction and function
Macpherson, A. J., McCoy, K. D., Johansen, F.-E., & Brandtzaeg, P. (2007) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2007.6 · Cited by 1,047
Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan): A review
Necas, J., Bartosikova, L., Brauner, P., & Kolar, J. (2008) · Veterinární medicína · doi:10.17221/1930-vetmed · Cited by 998
Hyaluronic Acid in the Third Millennium
Fallacara, A., Baldini, E., Manfredini, S., & Vertuani, S. (2018) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym10070701 · Cited by 918
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 222 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kumar, 2012, Needle free injection systems, J. Pharm. Innov., 1, 57
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bojarska, J., Mieczkowski, A., Ziora, Z. M., Skwarczyński, M., Tóth, I., Shalash, A. O., Parang, K., El-Mowafi, S. A., Mohammed, E. H. M., Elnagdy, S. M., et al. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11101515 · Cited by 133
Chemical Conjugation Strategies for the Development of Protein-Based Subunit Nanovaccines
Lu, L., Duong, V. T., Shalash, A. O., Skwarczyński, M., & Tóth, I. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9060563 · Cited by 105
Bioactive Lipids and Their Derivatives in Biomedical Applications
Park, J.-W., Choi, J., Kim, D., Lee, S., Lee, B., Lee, Y., Kim, S., Kwon, S., Noh, M., Lee, M., et al. (2021) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2021.107 · Cited by 86
Mallakpour, S. E., Azadi, E., & Hussain, C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.155 · Cited by 78
Modified chitosan: Insight on biomedical and industrial applications
Edo, G. I., Yousif, E. A., & Al-Mashhadani, M. H. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133526 · Cited by 71
Nahar, U. J., Tóth, I., & Skwarczyński, M. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.038 · Cited by 65
Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy: Promise and challenges
Chand, U., Priyambada, P., & Kushawaha, P. K. (2023) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2023.127362 · Cited by 56
Yang, J., Firdaus, F. Z., Azuar, A., Khalil, Z. G., Marasini, N., Capon, R. J., Hussein, W. M., Tóth, I., & Skwarczyński, M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9050499 · Cited by 35
Almoheer, R., Wahid, M. E. A., Zakaria, H. A., Jonet, M. A., Al-shaibani, M. M., Al-Gheethi, A. A. S., & Addis, S. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10020315 · Cited by 35
Methodological advances in the design of peptide-based vaccines
Kalita, P., & Tripathi, T. (2022) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.004 · Cited by 36
Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness
Pogostin, B. H., & McHugh, K. J. (2021) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering8110155 · Cited by 28
Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus
Fan, J., Tóth, I., & Stephenson, R. J. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12030272 · Cited by 29
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Challenges and Advances in Vaccine Development
He, Z., Li, F., Liu, M., Liao, J., & Guo, C. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13030260 · Cited by 29
Peptide-Based Vaccines for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Endeavors and Future Perspectives
Vassilakopoulou, V., Karachaliou, C., Evangelou, A., Zikos, C. C., & Livaniou, E. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9111278 · Cited by 27
Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants
Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Xia, N., & Zhao, Q. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1939688 · Cited by 20
De Masi, R., & Orlando, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137373 · Cited by 20
“As for anticancer vaccines, carbohydrates also play a twofold key role for antimicrobial vaccines, providing the specificity of the immune response against pathogen and immunogenicity [269].”
BackgroundDynamic Imine Bonding Facilitates Mannan Release from a Nanofibrous Peptide Hydrogel
Pogostin, B. H., Saenz, G., Cole, C. C., Euliano, E. M., Hartgerink, J. D., & McHugh, K. J. (2022) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00461 · Cited by 18
Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components
Hulbert, S. W., Desai, P., Jewett, M. C., DeLisa, M. P., & Williams, A. J. (2023) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234 · Cited by 19
Carbohydrates as putative pattern recognition receptor agonists in vaccine development
Mu, R., Dong, L., & Wang, C. (2023) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2023.08.006 · Cited by 16
NAVIGATING THE LANDSCAPE OF ADJUVANTS FOR SUBUNIT VACCINES: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Orosco, F. L., & Espiritu, L. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics · doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16i1.49563 · Cited by 15
Aroffu, M., Manca, M. L., Pedraz, J. L., & Manconi, M. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2023.2288856 · Cited by 15
Adegbite, A., & McCarthy, P. C. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9091021 · Cited by 13
Colaço, M., Cruz, M. T., de Almeida, L. P., & Borges, O. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16101308 · Cited by 12
Influence of biotic interventions on the immune response to vaccines in young and older adults
Spacova, I., Patusco, R., Lebeer, S., & Jensen, M. G. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.001 · Cited by 13
Shebl, R. I., Amer, M. E., Abu-Amara, T. M. M., Matar, E. R., Ahmed, H. F., Gomah, T. A., EI-Moselhy, L. E., Abu‐Elghait, M., & Mohamed, A. F. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research · doi:10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.229 · Cited by 12
Hookworm infection: Toward development of safe and effective peptide vaccines
Shalash, A. O., Hussein, W. M., Skwarczyński, M., & Tóth, I. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.013 · Cited by 15
Lasheen, N. N., Allam, S., Elgarawany, A., Aswa, D. W., Mansour, R., & Farouk, Z. E. (2024) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1186/s12576-024-00933-4 · Cited by 12
Makavana, A., & Dudhat, K. R. (2025) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-025-06336-9 · Cited by 9
Yang, J., Boer, J. C., Khongkow, M., Phunpee, S., Khalil, Z. G., Bashiri, S., Deceneux, C., Goodchild, G., Hussein, W. M., Capon, R. J., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020305 · Cited by 9
Self-citationde Moura, I. A., Silva, A. J. D., de Macêdo, L. S., de Melo, K. M. T. B., Leal, L. R. S., Espinoza, B. C. F., Invenção, M. D. C. V., de Pinho, S. S., & de Freitas, A. C. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17050640 · Cited by 10
Self-assembled monovalent lipidated mannose ligand as a standalone nanoadjuvant
Nahar, U. J., Wang, J., Shalash, A. O., Lu, L., Islam, M. T., Alharbi, N., Koirala, P., Khalil, Z. G., Capon, R. J., Hussein, W. M., et al. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.027 · Cited by 6
Self-citationBioconjugated materials in the development of subunit vaccines
Fan, J., Tóth, I., & Stephenson, R. J. (2023) · Comprehensive analytical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.coac.2023.02.005 · Cited by 5
Li, X., Xiu, X., Su, R., Ma, S., Li, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Zhu, Y., & Ma, F. (2023) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ad1644 · Cited by 4
N-dihydrogalactochitosan reduces mortality in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2
Weiss, C. M., Liu, H., Ball, E. E., Hoover, A. R., Wong, T. S., Wong, C. F., Lam, S. S. K., Hode, T., Keel, M. K., Levenson, R. M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289139 · Cited by 5
Otaigbe, I. I. (2023) · Babcock University Medical Journal · doi:10.38029/babcockuniv.med.j..v6i2.323 · Cited by 3
Recent Advancement in Self Emulsifing Drug Delivery System
Bist, V. L., & Faruk, A. (2023) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.2.2.14 · Cited by 3
Meng, X., Xu, Y. C., Yang, J., Meng, S., Ding, N., Sun, T., & Zong, C. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111909 · Cited by 2
VETERINARY VACCINES: WHERE ARE THEY NOW?
(2022) · International Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.47278/book.ahp/2022.53
Esina, T. I., Volosnikova, E. A., Щербаков, Д. Н., Волкова, Н. В., Zaykovskaya, A. V., Шимина, Г. Г., & Даниленко, Е. Д. (2024) · Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук · doi:10.29413/abs.2024-9.4.24
Carbohidratos: ¿defensores o cómplices de los virus?
Velázquez-Dodge, B. I., & Salinas-Marín, R. (2025) · Revista Digital Universitaria · doi:10.22201/ceide.16076079e.2025.26.2.6
Unveiling the immunomodulatory properties of starch microparticles on alveolar macrophages
Barrera-Rosales, A., Mata‐Espinosa, D., Villegas-Ruiz, V., Silva‐Miranda, M., Zenteno, E., Sánchez, S., Hernández‐Pando, R., Rodrı́guez-Sanoja, R., & Moreno-Mendieta, S. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0327718
Chowdhury, M. R., Goto, M., Islam, A., & Shimosato, T. (2026) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.70209
Kadam, Y., Desai, S. A., Parkhe, V., & Patel, V. P. (2026) · Biomaterials and Living Medicine for Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.bioliv.2026.100008
Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota–gut–brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis
Afkhamian, A., Natanzi, A. S., Jafaridarabjerdi, M., Aghaei, S., Haghjou, A., Shafiei, M., Bashkandi, A. H., Shahraki, S., Reiter, R. J., Kashani, H. H., et al. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-026-03067-9
Chen, L., Wang, J., Ma, X., Yanling, Y., 林位琅, Qian, H., & Zhuang, Z. (2026) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins18110463
Metadata
- Authors
- Bashiri, S., Koirala, P., Toth, I., & Skwarczynski, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Venue
- Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-14
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 965
- ISSN
- 1999-4923 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7602499
- OpenAlex
- W3092797747
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 222
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1132975)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- subunit vaccine, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, antigen-presenting cells, mucosal immune response, systemic immune response, antigen delivery systems, mucoadhesion, carbohydrate ligands, vaccine adjuvants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
