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Cited by 45Immunotherapy and Immune ResponsesCarbohydrate Chemistry and SynthesisImmune responses and vaccinations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 220 of the 222 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines

Open access
Bashiri, Sahra, Koirala, Prashamsa, Toth, Istvan, Skwarczynski, Mariusz·2020·Pharmaceutics
DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100965PMC PMC7602499
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Abstract

Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant (immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typically associated with infections. Carbohydrates displayed on the surface of pathogens are often recognized as PAMPs by receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, carbohydrates and their analogues have been used as adjuvants and delivery systems to promote antigen transport to APCs. Carbohydrates are biocompatible, usually nontoxic, biodegradable, and some are mucoadhesive. As such, carbohydrates and their derivatives have been intensively explored for the development of new adjuvants. This review assesses the immunological functions of carbohydrate ligands and their ability to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against co-administered antigens. The role of carbohydrate-based adjuvants/delivery systems in the development of subunit vaccines is discussed in detail.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100965

Cites

220 of 220 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 The basic uptake pathways of antigens (e.g., endocytosis and phagocytosis) by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce immune responses.
Figure 1 The basic uptake pathways of antigens (e.g., endocytosis and phagocytosis) by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce immune responses.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 The simplified pathway of mucosal immunity.
Figure 2 The simplified pathway of mucosal immunity.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Mannosylated peptide/protein-based vaccine constructs: (a) antigenic peptide/protein conjugated to mannose; (b) mannose conjugated to a polymer/lipid-based nanocapsule.
Figure 3 Mannosylated peptide/protein-based vaccine constructs: (a) antigenic peptide/protein conjugated to mannose; (b) mannose conjugated to a polymer/lipid-based nanocapsule.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 The branched and linear forms of mannan.
Figure 4 The branched and linear forms of mannan.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Comparison of the chemical structures of chitin, chitosan, and TMC.
Figure 5 Comparison of the chemical structures of chitin, chitosan, and TMC.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The chemical structure of hyaluronic acid.
Figure 6 The chemical structure of hyaluronic acid.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 An exemplary structure of lipid A (R = PO3OH2) and MPLA (R = H).
Figure 7 An exemplary structure of lipid A (R = PO3OH2) and MPLA (R = H).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Example of saponin (QS-21) with the four major typical structural domains.
Figure 8 Example of saponin (QS-21) with the four major typical structural domains.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 The chemical structure of α-GalCer.
Figure 9 The chemical structure of α-GalCer.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Example of muramyl dipeptide (MDP).
Figure 10 Example of muramyl dipeptide (MDP).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Kumar, 2012, Needle free injection systems, J. Pharm. Innov., 1, 57

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Metadata

Authors
Bashiri, S., Koirala, P., Toth, I., & Skwarczynski, M.
Affiliations
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
ORCID
Venue
Pharmaceutics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-10-14
Volume
12
Issue
10
Pages
965
ISSN
1999-4923 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/pharmaceutics12100965
PMC
PMC7602499
OpenAlex
W3092797747
Cited by
45
References
222
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11
FWCI
0.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1132975)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords
subunit vaccine, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, antigen-presenting cells, mucosal immune response, systemic immune response, antigen delivery systems, mucoadhesion, carbohydrate ligands, vaccine adjuvants

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