Systematic and Model-Assisted Process Design for the Extraction and Purification of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua L.—Part I: Conceptual Process Design and Cost Estimation
Open accessAbstract
The article summarizes a systematic process design for the extraction and purification of artemisinin from annual mugwort (Artemisia annua L.). Artemisinin serves as an anti-malaria drug, therefore, resource-efficient and economic processes for its production are needed. The process design was based on lab-scale experiments and afterwards piloted on miniplant-scale at the institute. In this part of the article, a detailed economic feasibility studies including a reference process as a benchmark the lab-scale process and the pilot-scale process is given. Relevant differences between the different scales are discussed. The details of the respective unit operations (solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, chromatography and crystallization) are presented in dedicated articles. The study showed that even miniaturized lab-scale experiments are able to deliver data detailed enough for scale-up calculations on a theoretical basis. To our knowledge, a comparable systematic process design and piloting was never performed by academia before.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chemical synthesis of artemisinin remains costly despite recent advances and improved process design.
“Enhancement of artemisinin production in the whole plant is recommended because despite recent advances and improved process design (Sixt et al. 2018), chemical synthesis of artemisinin remains costly (Wang et al. 2014).”
From Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches (2021) · cites this paper as Sixt et al. 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of the Anti‐Malaria Drug Artemisinin
Lévesque, F., & Seeberger, P. H. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201107446 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Artemisinins: their growing importance in medicine
Krishna, S., Bustamante, L. Y., Haynes, R. K., & Staines, H. M. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.07.004 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Duke, M. V., Paul, R. N., Elsohly, H. N., Sturtz, G., & Duke, S. O. (1994) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/297173 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
New Trends in Extraction, Identification and Quantification of Artemisinin and its Derivatives
Christen, P., & Veuthey, J. (2001) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867013371563 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Literally Green Chemical Synthesis of Artemisinin from Plant Extracts
Triemer, S., Gilmore, K. M., Vu, G. T., Seeberger, P. H., & Seidel‐Morgenstern, A. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201801424 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Jolliffe, H. G., & Gerogiorgis, D. I. (2016) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2016.04.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Screening of new solvents for artemisininextraction process using ab initio methodology
Lapkin, A. A., Peters, M., Greiner, L., et al. (2009) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b922001a · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Liu, C., Zhou, H.-Y., & Zhao, Y. (2006) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.038 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sixt, M., & Strube, J. (2017) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr5040086 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationKaßing, M., Jenelten, U., Schenk, J., et al. (2011) · Chemical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1002/ceat.201100268 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sixt, M., Koudous, I., & Strube, J. (2016) · Comptes Rendus Chimie · doi:10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationSilva, E. D. O., Borges, L. L., da Conceição, E. C., & Bara, M. T. F. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2017.03.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Koudous, I., Both, S., Gudi, G., et al. (2014) · Comptes Rendus Chimie · doi:10.1016/j.crci.2013.11.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tu, Y. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811655-5.00023-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Suberu, J., Yamin, P., Leonhard, K. O., Song, L., Chemat, S., Sullivan, N., Barker, G. C., & Lapkin, A. A. (2013) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Artemisinin and a new generation of antimalarial drugs
Brown, G. D. (2006) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [13]13. Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 ; Press Release: Stockholm, Sweden, 2015.
- [24]24. Pilloy, J. Artemisinin market quantities and pricing. In Proceedings of the Artemisinin Conference 2010, Antananarivo, Madagascar, 12-14 October 2010.
- [26]26. Peters, M.S.; Timmerhaus, K.D.; West, R.E. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers , 5th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2003.
- [27]27. TheGlobalFund. Global Artemisinin Manufacturers Consultation. In Proceedings of the Chengdu Meeting, Chengdu, China, 5-7 September 2016. <!-- image --> © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wani, K. I., Choudhary, S., Zehra, A., Naeem, M., Weathers, P., & Aftab, T. (2021) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-021-03676-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sixt, M., Schmidt, A., Mestmäcker, F., Huter, M. J., Uhlenbrock, L., & Strube, J.
- Affiliations
- Clausthal University of Technology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Strube, Jochen
- Venue
- Processes
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-09-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 161
- ISSN
- 2227-9717 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2891926818
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project Str 586/4-2)
- Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (03ET1365A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Process Optimization and Integration
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Keywords
- artemisinin, Artemisia annua, extraction, purification, solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, chromatography, crystallization, economic feasibility, cost estimation, scale-up, pilot-scale process
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
