The DOI matches its Crossref record; 209 of the 219 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants. The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging. The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems. This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance. The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods. The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems. Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A value closer to 1 not only maximizes energy transfer but also minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues—a concern for BMIs requiring high computational power for real-time neural decoding (Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Khan et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This system utilizes a closed current loop and relies on the displacement current, IDisp., between the conductor plates to establish wireless power transfer across tissue layers (Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Khan et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances
Kurs, A., Karalis, A., Moffatt, R. A., Joannopoulos, J. D., Fisher, P. H., & Marin Soljacic, A. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143254 · Cited by 5,584 · cited 6×
“where QL (=2πfLRX/RL) [15,87,88] is the loaded Q-factor calculated by using the inductance of the RX coil, LRX, and the load resistance, RL, and the imensi nless figure-of-merit, FOM, defined as [87]: = , (26)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGabriel, S., Lau, R.-W.-M., & Gabriel, C. (1996) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/002 · Cited by 4,487 · cited 2×
“The optimized PTE, η, can be approximated using the dielectric tissue dispersion of the Cole-Cole relaxation model [55,57]: η = RL RL + RT (1− |τ|2) (1)”
MethodGabriel, S., Lau, R. W., & Gabriel, C. (1996) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/003 · Cited by 4,175 · cited 2×
“ro and ∞ are the relative permittivity values of the tissue at dc and infinite frequencies and can be found in [159].”
BackgroundPhysical Limitations of Omni‐Directional Antennas
Chu, L. (1948) · doi:10.1063/1.1715038 · Cited by 2,267
A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics
Roundy, S., & Wright, P. (2004) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/13/5/018 · Cited by 2,017 · cited 1×
“Research on mid-field [37], acoustic piezoelectric vibration-based [38] and optical [39] WPT techniques in the 2000s have also introduced the possibility of miniaturized WPT RX coils for deep implants.”
BackgroundSimple accurate expressions for planar spiral inductances
Mohan, S. S., Hershenson, M. D. M., Boyd, S., & Lee, T. H. (1999) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/4.792620 · Cited by 1,627 · cited 2×
“The coefficients Ci are layoutdependent as shown in Table 1 [73].”
BackgroundEfficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer
Karalis, A., Joannopoulos, J., & Soljačić, M. (2006) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017 · Cited by 1,498 · cited 3×
“where QL (=2πfLRX/RL) [15,87,88] is the loaded Q-factor calculated by using the inductance of the RX coil, LRX, and the load resistance, RL, and the imensi nless figure-of-merit, FOM, defined as [87]: = , (26)”
BackgroundMethodDesign considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger
Wang, C.-S., Stielau, O., & Covic, G. (2005) · IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print) · doi:10.1109/tie.2005.855672 · Cited by 1,474
A Critical Review of Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer
Hui, S., Zhong, W., & Lee, C. (2014) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2013.2249670 · Cited by 1,373 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, the authors in [42,43] described the theory behind mid-field WPT and its recent improvements.”
BackgroundCharacterization of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Properties for Biomedical Micro/Nanosystems
Mata, Á., Fleischman, A. J., & Roy, S. (2005) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-005-6070-2 · Cited by 1,321
Flagged first, then by citations
10 of the 219 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Basaeri, 2016, A review of acoustic power transfer for bio-medical implants, Smart Mater. Struct., 25, 123001, 10.1088/0964-1726/25/12/123001 · DOI · Paper page
- Schuder, 1961, High-level electromagnetic energy transfer through a closed chest wall, Inst. Radio Engrs. Int Conv. Rec., 9, 119
- Sadiku, N. (1994). Elements of Electromagnetics, Sounders College Press.
- Pozar, D. (2005). Microwave Engineering Fourth Edition, Wiley.
- Volakis, J., Chen, C.-C., and Fujimoto, K. (2010). Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques & Applications, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
- Gustafsson, M., Tayli, D., and Cismasu, M. (2015). Physical Bounds of Antennas, Springer. · DOI
- Yaghjian, A.D., and Best, S.R. (2003, January 22–27). Impedance, bandwidth, and Q of antennas. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Digest. Held in Conjunction with: USNC/CNC/URSI North American Radio Sci. Meeting (Cat. No.03CH37450), Columbus, OH, USA.
- Hoskins, P., Martin, K., and Thrush, A. (2010). Diagnostic Ultrasound: Physics and Equipment, Cambridge University Press. · DOI
- Sze, S.M., and Ng, K.K. (2006). Physics of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices
Hosseini, E. S., Dervin, S., Ganguly, P., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.0c01139 · Cited by 341
Wireless power transfer based on novel physical concepts
Song, M., Jayathurathnage, P. K. S., Zanganeh, E., Krasikova, M., Smirnov, P. R., Belov, P. A., Kapitanova, P. V., Simovski, C. R., Tretyakov, S., & Krasnok, A. (2021) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00658-x · Cited by 201
Wireless charging systems for electric vehicles
Amjad, M. J., Farooq‐i‐Azam, M., Ni, Q., Dong, M., & Ansari, E. A. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112730 · Cited by 198
Miniaturised wireless power transfer systems for neurostimulation: a review
Barbruni, G. L., Ros, P. M., Demarchi, D., Carrara, S., & Ghezzi, D. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038599 · Cited by 161
“Differently from other works [8], [9], [10] this review compares the advantages as well as the critical limitations of each powering method in designing a wireless link”
Implantable bioelectronics toward long-term stability and sustainability
Li, Y., Li, N., Oliveira, N. D., & Wang, S. (2021) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2021.02.001 · Cited by 161
Energy-Aware System Design for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes: A Comprehensive Review
Kanoun, O., Bradai, S., Khriji, S., Bouattour, G., Houssaini, D. E., Ammar, M. B., Naifar, S., Bouhamed, A., Derbel, F., & Viehweger, C. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21020548 · Cited by 130
“Over the last years, significant investigations have been conducted to improve the performance of IPT systems, especially for wireless charging of mobile devices, but also medical applications [55] and electric vehicles [56], which can be scaled up or down for wireless sensors.”
BackgroundSoleimani, Z., Zoras, S., Ceranic, B., Cui, Y.-L., & Shahzad, S. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106325 · Cited by 127
Wireless Power and Data Transmission for Implanted Devices via Inductive Links: A Systematic Review
Karimi, M., Schmid, A., & Dehollain, C. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3049918 · Cited by 110
“In [97], all the mentioned WPT techniques are compared.”
MethodUltrasound‐Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications
Turner, B. L., Senevirathne, S., Kilgour, K. M., McArt, D. G., Biggs, M. J. P., Menegatti, S., & Daniele, M. A.-A. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100986 · Cited by 90
Internet of Bio-Nano Things: A Review of Applications, Enabling Technologies and Key Challenges
Kuscu, M., & Unluturk, B. (2021) · ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies · doi:10.52953/chbb9821 · Cited by 73
“pling (NRIC)-based WPT, the oldest WPT technique, has been in use for widely-used implants, such as cochlear implants [148], [149].”
BackgroundMethodMittal, N., Ojanguren, A., Niederberger, M., & Lizundia, E. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202004814 · Cited by 88
Wireless and battery-free platforms for collection of biosignals
Stuart, T., Cai, L., Burton, A., & Gutruf, P. (2021) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.113007 · Cited by 78
A self-assembled implantable microtubular pacemaker for wireless cardiac electrotherapy
Wang, S., Cui, Q., Abiri, P., Roustaei, M., Zhu, E., Li, Y.-R., Wang, K., Duarte, S., Yang, L., Ebrahimi, R., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj0540 · Cited by 81
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low-Power Management Circuits for Medical Devices
Almarri, N., Chang, J., Song, W., Jiang, D., & Demosthenous, A. (2024) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110196 · Cited by 67
Next-Generation Healthcare: Enabling Technologies for Emerging Bioelectromagnetics Applications
Kiourti, A., Abbosh, A. M., Αθανασίου, Μ., Björninen, T., Eid, A., Furse, C. M., Ito, K., Lazzi, G., Manoufali, M., Pastorino, M., et al. (2022) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2022.3162110 · Cited by 78
“Hence, the radiated EM fields will be plane waves [78].”
BackgroundCyber-physical attack and the future energy systems: A review
Diaba, S. Y., Shafie‐khah, M., & Elmusrati, M. S. (2024) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2024.08.060 · Cited by 77
Applications of Microwaves in Medicine
Chiao, J. ‐., Li, C., Lin, J., Caverly, R. H., Hwang, J. C. M., Rosen, H. D., & Rosen, A. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2022.3223301 · Cited by 94
“power transfer methods, and their applications for implants is in [127].”
BackgroundNear-field wireless power transfer used in biomedical implants: a comprehensive review
Mahmood, A. I., Gharghan, S. K., Eldosoky, M. A., & Soliman, A. M. (2022) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/pel2.12351 · Cited by 59
Materials and Biomedical Applications of Implantable Electronic Devices
Liu, Y., Yu, Q., Li, Y., & Cui, Y. (2022) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202200853 · Cited by 66
Essa, A., Almajali, E. R. F., Mahmoud, S. A., Amaya, R., Alja'afreh, S., & Ikram, M. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2024.3392160 · Cited by 54
“However, they are not suitable for powering deeply implanted IMDs due to their low charging efficiency and their sensitivity to the TX-RX misalignment [35], [38], [39].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnhancing Ultrasound Power Transfer: Efficiency, Acoustics, and Future Directions
Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Pan, Q., Yan, X., Li, X., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202407395 · Cited by 51
Wireless Powering and Telemetry of Deep-Body Ingestible Bioelectronic Capsule
Iqbal, A., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3184549 · Cited by 50
“In the past, wired power connections were used for powering implantable devices; however, they may cause infections and other hazards [6],[7].”
BackgroundA Comprehensive Review of In-Body Biomedical Antennas: Design, Challenges and Applications
Aliqab, K., Nadeem, I., & Khan, S. (2023) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi14071472 · Cited by 49
“Widespread research has been carried out in the last decade to improve the efficiencies of the aforementioned approaches and develop them to be used for powering IBBDs.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWireless Battery-free and Fully Implantable Organ Interfaces
Bhatia, A., Hanna, J., Stuart, T., Kasper, K. A., Clausen, D. M., & Gutruf, P. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00425 · Cited by 50
Makushko, P., Ge, J., Bermúdez, G. S. C., Volkov, O. M., Zabila, Y., Avdoshenko, S. M., Illing, R., Ionov, L., Kaltenbrunner, M., Faßbender, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56805-x · Cited by 63
Mariello, M., & Proctor, C. M. (2024) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202400797 · Cited by 50
Advanced Ultrasound Energy Transfer Technologies using Metamaterial Structures
Imani, I. M., Kim, H. S., Shin, J., Lee, D., Park, J., Vaidya, A., Kim, C., Baik, J. M., Zhang, Y. S., Kang, H., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202401494 · Cited by 44
A Review of Metamaterials in Wireless Power Transfer
Rong, C., Yan, L., Li, L., Li, Y.-H., & Liu, M.-H. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16176008 · Cited by 41
“…has been widely used in various fi elds, such as electric vehicles [4–8], drones [9,10], portable electronic equipment [11,12], implant medicine [13– 16], etc. WPT technology can be divided into two types based on the distance from the electromagnetic fi eld source: near-fi eld coupling and far-fi…”
BackgroundMicrofluidic technologies for wearable and implantable biomedical devices
Wang, Z., Shah, A., Lee, H., & Lee, C. H. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00499c · Cited by 62
Wearable Ultrasound Devices for Therapeutic Applications
Chen, S., Ouyang, Q., Miao, X.-B., Zhang, F., Chen, Z., Qian, X., Xie, J., & Yan, Z. G. (2025) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-025-01890-2 · Cited by 36
“Wireless power transfer, such as inductive power transfer, radiofrequency (RF) irradiation, acoustic power transfer (APT) and so on, presents a promising alternative power supply approach for flexible wearable biomedical sensors [127].”
Continuous operation of battery-free implants enables advanced fracture recovery monitoring
Kasper, K. A., Figueroa, G., Perez, D., Miller, A. M., Gonzales, D. A., Siqueiros, J., Margolis, D. S., & Gutruf, P. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt7488 · Cited by 31
Molloy, A., Beaumont, K., Alyami, A., Kirimi, M., Hoare, D., Mirzai, N., Heidari, H., Mitra, S., Neale, S. L., & Mercer, J. (2021) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2021.3110084 · Cited by 33
Mukherjee, D., Rainu, S., Singh, N., & Mallick, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3336598 · Cited by 32
“The limitations of previously reported WPTs [18], [19] can be addressed using magnetically actuated magnetoelectric (ME) devices [7], [20].”
BackgroundLi, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Accounts of Materials Research · doi:10.1021/accountsmr.1c00078 · Cited by 47
Flexible Induction Heater Based on the Polymeric Thin Film for Local Thermotherapy
Saito, M., Kanai, E., Fujita, H., Aso, T., Matsutani, N., & Fujie, T. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202102444 · Cited by 46
Innovations and Challenges in RF Antenna Technologies for Implantable Medical Devices Communication
Benaissa, M., Chaabane, A., Attia, H., & Al-Naib, I. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2025.3555480 · Cited by 31
“In [34], the Optical Power Transfer (OPT) concept for IMDs was explored.”
Colella, M., Meo, S. D., Liberti, M., Pasian, M., & Apollonio, F. (2023) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2023.3267568 · Cited by 29
“Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been recognized as the suitable solution to sustain energy supply in such applications, due to its ability to deliver electric energy without a direct contact between the power source and the load [4], [5].”
BackgroundAhn, J., Woo, S., Kim, H., Song, K., Huh, S., Hong, S.-E., Kim, J., Choi, H.-D., & Ahn, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3222011 · Cited by 29
“Previously, many studies on WPT systems have applied to several types of IMDs [5], [6], [7], [8].”
BackgroundSimplified Mutual Inductance Calculation of Planar Spiral Coil for Wireless Power Applications
Hussain, I., & Woo, D.-K. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041537 · Cited by 29
Ntabeni, U., Basutli, B., Alves, H., & Chuma, J. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3443920 · Cited by 33
“Meanwhile, [135] looks into the application of WPT systems for powering advanced microscale electronic devices, especially those used in devices for biomedical implants.”
BackgroundYue, O., Wang, X., Long, X., Bai, Z., Zou, X., & Liu, X. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202307369 · Cited by 33
Pohling, C., Nguyen, H., Chang, E., Schubert, K. E., Nie, Y., Bashkirov, V. A., Yamamoto, V. N., Zeng, Y., Stupp, R., Schulte, R. W., et al. (2022) · Bioelectrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108287 · Cited by 29
Far-Field Wireless Power Transmission and Measurement for a Leadless Transcatheter Pacing System
Sharma, D., Kumar, S., Singh, N., Kanaujia, B., Singh, S. P., & Lay-Ekuakille, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3302377 · Cited by 27
Engineering and Technology Journal
Abduljaleel, H. K., Mutashar, S., Kamel, S., & Hashim, I. (n.d.) · doi:10.18535/etj · Cited by 26
Design of a Closed-Loop Wireless Power Transfer System for an Implantable Drug Delivery Device
Bono, F. D., Bontempi, A., Dentis, A., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3270521 · Cited by 24
“Several factors, such as load variation, misalignment of the coils, and the distance between the coils, influence the PTE [10], [14].”
BackgroundAdvanced progress of optical wireless technologies for power industry: an overview
Ding, J., Liu, W., I, C.-L., Zhang, H., & Mei, H. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10186463 · Cited by 24
Proto, A., Rufer, L., Basrour, S., & Penhaker, M. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13122127 · Cited by 23
“Wireless energy transfer strategies are attracting more and more attention as alternative and reliable power sources, and the UPD systems can represent a cutting-edge source of energy to ensure extended operating time for IMDs [40,41].”
BackgroundInfluentialRojas, J. A. M., Fernández, J. L., Sánchez-Montero, R., López-Espí, P., & Díez-Jiménez, E. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21093201 · Cited by 22
“S ecifically, data for the utility curves were collected from: Table 2 (page 46) of reference [5]; Table 1 (page 33–34) of reference [7]; Table 1 (page 4) of reference [8]; Table 2 (page 4–5), Table 3 (page 6–7) and Table 4 (page 8) of reference [10]; Table 1 (page 2101) and Table 2 (page 2102) of reference [11]; Tabl…”
BackgroundMethodComparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21
Magnetically driven triboelectric nanogenerator for a wireless, versatile energy transfer system
Kim, J., Yoo, J., Seo, H., Avila, R., Chung, G., Shin, G., Gwak, S., Han, Y.-B., Lee, J.-H., Yoon, H., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu5919 · Cited by 21
“As the application range of these electrical devices expands, the demand for battery capacity increases substantially beyond current requirements ( 5 , 6 ).”
Highly Isolated Wireless Power Transfer and Information Co-Delivery Using a Pacemaker Duplex Antenna
Iqbal, A., Smida, A., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. (2025) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3434490 · Cited by 21
“However, there are significant risks of infection and other dangers associated with directly connecting these cables to living tissues [10], [11].”
Understanding Wireless Charger Networks: Concepts, Current Research, and Future Directions
Ren, M., Dai, H., Liu, T., Deng, X., Dou, W., Yang, Y., & Chen, G. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3486820 · Cited by 18
“Real-time monitoring and remote management are crucial for patients with chronic diseases or those requiring long-term monitoring [85].”
Saha, R., Kaffash, Z., & Mirbozorgi, S. A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3375794 · Cited by 16
“…optogenetic implants, and brain-wearables for monitoring NDD-related motor impairments [1], [13], [14], cochlear implant, retinal implant [1], [3], 2) cardiovascular diseases: pacemakers, de fi brillators, ventricular assist devices (VADs) [1], [15], stents, cardiac loop recorders [16], 3)…”
BackgroundLiang, C., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, F., Yang, G., & Song, K. (2020) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185304 · Cited by 20
Pahlavan, S., Shooshtari, M., Maleki, M., & Jafarabadi Ashtiani, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11081204 · Cited by 20
Zhuang, H.-Y., Wang, W., & Yan, G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3241194 · Cited by 19
“the non-radiative IPT (resonant or non-resonant) based on the near-field magnetic coupling or magnetic resonant coupling between coils has become the predominant method to provide reliable and convenient power charging for implantable medical devices (IMDs) [8], [9] due to the fact that the magnetic field in”
MethodA Fast and Precise Tool for Multi-Layer Planar Coil Self-Inductance Calculation
Faria, A., Marques, L., Ferreira, C., Alves, F., & Cabral, J. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21144864 · Cited by 19
Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Using PV Units in Highways
Megahed, T. F., Mansour, D., Nayebare, D., Kotb, M., Fares, A., Hameed, I., & El-Hussieny, H. (2024) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj15100463 · Cited by 18
Gao, W., & Zhao, Z. (2024) · IEEE transactions on consumer electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2023.3321331 · Cited by 18
“How to effectively utilize these data for analysis has become an important issue [6].”
BackgroundMetasurface Patch for Wireless Power Transfer in Implantable Devices
Jo, S., Lee, W., & Lee, H. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202300027 · Cited by 18
Bassey, K. E., Rajput, S., Oladepo, O. O., & Oyewale, K. (2024) · World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences · doi:10.30574/wjaets.2024.13.1.0447 · Cited by 17
“Resonance-based power transfer, which works by using electromagnetic fields to induce current in receiving devices, allows energy to be transmitted over short to medium distances without physical contact (Khan et al ., 2020; Jiang et al ., 2021).”
BackgroundSkarżyński, K., & Słoma, M. (2023) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.202300238 · Cited by 18
Shaw, T., Mandal, B., Samanta, G., Voigt, T., Mitra, D., & Augustine, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70591-4 · Cited by 16
Chen, K., Wu, B., Krahe, D. D., Vazquez, A. L., Siegenthaler, J. R., Rechenberg, R., Li, W., Cui, X. T., & Kozai, T. D. Y. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202403164 · Cited by 22
Pahlavan, S., & Ashtiani, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3314913 · Cited by 15
“Toaddress the aforementioned limitations one approach is the use of a receiver coil with a perpendicular structure, as suggested in [12].”
An Ultrasonic Energy Harvesting IC Providing Adjustable Bias Voltage for Pre-Charged CMUT
Zhao, L.-R., Annayev, M., Oralkan, O., & Jia, Y.-Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3178581 · Cited by 15
“ultrasonic WPT approaches have been commonly used, each of which has its advantages for a particular application [4], [5].”
BackgroundChoosing energy sources for battery-free pacemakers
Zheng, Q., Wei, Y., Li, D., Zeng, Z., & Li, Z. (2025) · Device · doi:10.1016/j.device.2025.100746 · Cited by 16
Ye, J., Xing, Z., Gao, J., & Liu, J. (2022) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104120 · Cited by 16
Universal Transceivers: Opportunities and Future Directions for the Internet of Everything (IoE)
Civas, M., Cetinkaya, O., Kuscu, M., & Akan, Ö. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Communications and Networks · doi:10.3389/frcmn.2021.733664 · Cited by 14
“For example, near-field resonant inductive coupling (NRIC)-based WPT, the oldest WPT technique, has been widely-used for cochlear implants [91], [92].”
Ibrahim, K. A., Luk, P. C. K., Luo, Z., Ng, S. Y., & Harrison, L. (2025) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110248 · Cited by 17
A Current Development of Energy Harvesting Systems for Energy‐Independent Bioimplantable Biosensors
Choi, H.-J., Biswas, S., Lang, P., Bae, J., & Kim, H. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202403899 · Cited by 14
Li, K., Gong, Z., Liu, Q., Zheng, S.-Y., Liu, J., & Wang, S. (2024) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/pel2.12631 · Cited by 13
Magnetic Backscatter for In-body Communication and Localization
Tao, Y., Sie, E., Shenoy, J., & Vasisht, D. (2023) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/3570361.3613301 · Cited by 13
“There have been many attempts to solve these challenges in prior work, some of which include lack of wireless channel feedback [23], variable tissue characteristics [2], and power transfer [16].”
BackgroundA Passive Wireless Acceleration Sensing System Based on Patch Antenna and FMCW Radar
Yi, Z.-R., Xie, L.-Y., Xue, S.-T., & Wan, G. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3240027 · Cited by 13
“Popular wireless power harvesting methods contain frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar [43], [44], [45], piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) [46], selfcapacitance-based wireless power transfer (WPT) [47], [48], [49], and so on [50], [51], [52].”
BackgroundYokoi, K., Yasuda, Y., Kanbe, A., Imura, T., & Aoki, S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28031433 · Cited by 13
Rhee, J., Shin, Y.-J., Woo, S., Lee, C.-M., Kim, D., Ahn, J., Kim, H., & Ahn, S. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21238150 · Cited by 13
“Therefore, research on wirelessly supplying power from outside the body to the inside using WPT technology is being actively conducted [5,6].”
BackgroundA Novel Charging Method for Underwater Batteryless Sensor Node Networks
Abril, J. S., Sosa, G. S., Sosa, J., Bautista, T., & Montiel-Nelson, J. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21020557 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, the WPT technologies have promoted the rising of new medical applications where traditional wired solutions are not efficient or impossible to apply [7,8].”
BackgroundOmar, M. F. M., Rahim, S. K. A., Ain, M. F., Manaf, A. A., Abidin, I. S. Z., & Shamsan, Z. (2025) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2025.103417 · Cited by 12
Active implantable drug delivery systems: engineering factors, challenges, opportunities
Bono, F. D., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00131e · Cited by 19
6G Fresnel Spot Beamfocusing using Large-Scale Metasurfaces: A Distributed DRL-Based Approach
Monemi, M., Fallah, M. A., Rasti, M., & Latva-aho, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3398296 · Cited by 12
“…the near-field beam pattern for applications such as communication, localization, and sensing [5], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], and those proposing structures and algorithms for focusing the beam in a confined volume [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30].”
BackgroundWireless Low-Power Transfer for Galvanically Isolated High-Voltage Applications
Hitzemann, M., Lippmann, M., Trachte, J., Nitschke, A., Burckhardt, O., & Zimmermann, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11060923 · Cited by 12
Arbitrarily Conformal Metasurfaces for Enhanced Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Dellabate, A., Lazzoni, V., Monorchio, A., & Brizi, D. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3396826 · Cited by 12
Qamar, M., Kapusuz, K. Y., Carslake, L., Loh, T., Thaha, M., & Alomainy, A. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/jerm.2024.3501385 · Cited by 11
“infections and hazards linked to reusable colonoscopy wires [7], [8].”
Silva, P., & Jacinto, L. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-024-00832-z · Cited by 11
“…miniaturization, including novel materials and microfabrication strategies [12], as well as improved wireless communication and power transfer approaches [13–15], allowed the emergence and progressive refinement of wireless optical stimulators for biomedical applications, including optogenetics.”
NeuroDots: From Single-Target to Brain-Network Modulation: Why and What Is Needed?
Ridder, D. D., Siddiqi, M. A., Dauwels, J., Serdijn, W. A., & Strydis, C. (2024) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.01.003 · Cited by 12
Wireless interfaces for brain neurotechnologies
Kim, H., & Ho, J. S. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2021.0020 · Cited by 12
Soares, Í., Šipuš, Z., Skrivervik, A., Sauleau, R., Alú, A., Ho, J. S., Nikolayev, D., & Kiourti, A. (2025) · IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine · doi:10.1109/map.2024.3482974 · Cited by 10
“In this context, several important review works have been published recently on WPT for biomedical devices [10], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], reflecting the growing interest in this topic.”
A Universal Model for Ultrasonic Energy Transmission in Various Media
Ma, Y., Jiang, Y., & Li, C. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24196230 · Cited by 12
Yang, B., Zhang, Y., Zhu, C., Sahoo, S., Chen, Y., Mai, R.-K., He, Z.-Y., & Blaabjerg, F. (2024) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2023.3318652 · Cited by 10
“Therefore, this promising technology has found widespread applications in implantable medical devices [1], [2], [3], consumer electronics [4], [5], [6], underwater power supplies [7], electric vehicles [8], and other fields.”
BackgroundKim, I., Lee, S.-G., Nam, Y.-H., & Lee, J.-H. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21041431 · Cited by 10
“Wireless power transfer (WPT) using electromagnetic waves can be classified into the following groups: (1) non-radiative, (2) radiative and non-radiative mid-field, and (3) radiative far-field [3].”
BackgroundShin, Y., & Woo, S. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13091712 · Cited by 9
Bennia, F., Boudouda, A., & Nafa, F. (2024) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-024-02345-4 · Cited by 9
“Recently, there has been a growing interest in using WPT to power implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as pacemakers and cochlear implants [1].”
Robustness of Wireless Power Transfer Systems with Parity-Time Symmetry and Asymmetry
Zhang, H.-Y., Zhu, K.-J., Guo, Z.-W., Chen, Y.-G., Sun, Y., Jiang, J., Li, Y.-H., Yu, Z.-P., & Chen, H. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16124605 · Cited by 9
“Currently, with the development of WPT-related theories and the improvement of hardware facilities, WPT technology is being intensively explored to apply in various applications, such as consumer electronics [37,38], implantable medical devices [39–42] and electric vehicle charging [43], etc.”
BackgroundA Differential Rectifier With ${V}_{TH}$ Compensation for High-Frequency RF Inputs
Akram, M. A., & Ha, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3264988 · Cited by 9
Design optimization of a packaged thermoelectric generator for electrically active implants
Rao, Y., Bechtold, T., & Hohlfeld, D. (2022) · Microelectronics and reliability · doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114843 · Cited by 9
Nie, K., & Hou, Q. (2023) · EPJ Applied Metamaterials · doi:10.1051/epjam/2022020 · Cited by 9
Ultrasonic power and data transfer for active medical implants using adaptive beamforming
Li, T.-H., Flint, J., Fu, H., Korossis, S., & Theodossiades, S. (2025) · Micro and Nano Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mne.2025.100296 · Cited by 8
Guida, R., & Melodia, T. (2025) · Ad hoc networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103748 · Cited by 8
Narayanan, R. P., Khaleghi, A., Veletić, M., & Balasingham, I. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297114 · Cited by 10
Design and Optimization of Planar Spiral Coils for Powering Implantable Neural Recording Microsystem
Luo, J., Xue, R., Cheong, J., Zhang, X., & Yao, L. (2023) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi14061221 · Cited by 11
“In addition, inductive coupling has less tissue absorption and is more liable to transfer higher power [8].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., Cummins, G., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y.
- Affiliations
- Heriot-Watt University (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Khan, Sadeque Reza
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-19
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3487
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7349694
- OpenAlex
- W3036329699
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 219
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K034537/2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
- Keywords
- wireless power transfer, biomedical implants, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, capacitive coupling, power transfer efficiency, tissue safety, separation distance, operating frequency
- MeSH terms
- Electronics, Electric Power Supplies, Prostheses and Implants, Wireless Technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
