Cited by 355Wireless Power Transfer SystemsWireless Body Area NetworksInduction Heating and Inverter Technology

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Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review

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Khan, Sadeque Reza, Pavuluri, Sumanth Kumar, Cummins, Gerard, Desmulliez, Marc P. Y.·2020·Sensors

DOI 10.3390/s20123487PMC PMC7349694

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Abstract

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants. The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging. The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems. This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance. The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods. The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems. Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD.

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Comparison of the Mason and KLM equivalent circuits for piezoelectric resonators in the thickness mode
Sherrit, S., Leary, S., Dolgin, B., & Bar-Cohen, Y. (1999) · 1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027) · doi:10.1109/ultsym.1999.849139 · Cited by 161
An implantable power supply with an optically rechargeable lithium battery
Goto, K., Nakagawa, T., Nakamura, O., & Kawata, S. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.930908 · Cited by 159 · cited 2×
“Optical power transfer (OPT) is one of the least studied techniques to transfer power wirelessly to a biomedical implant [19,39].”
Background
Simulation Study and Experimental Verification of a Universal Contactless Battery Charging Platform With Localized Charging Features
Liu, X., & Hui, S. (2007) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2007.909301 · Cited by 159
Model validation of untethered, ultrasonic neural dust motes for cortical recording
Seo, D., Carmena, J. M., Rabaey, J. M., Maharbiz, M. M., & Alon, E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.025 · Cited by 158
A mm-sized implantable power receiver with adaptive link compensation
O'Driscoll, S., Poon, A. S. Y., & Meng, T. (2009) · IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc.2009.4977424 · Cited by 155 · cited 5×
“Midfield WPT, characterized by a separation distance of 100 to 500 mm, lies in between the non-radiative and radiative regions [13].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Equivalent Complex Permeability Model for Litz-Wire Windings
Nan, X., & Sullivan, C. R. (2005) · IEEE transactions on industry applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2009.2013594 · Cited by 153 · cited 1×
“The inner diameter of the TX is 41 cm and is made of rectangular Litz cable [120].”
Background
A Modular 32-site wireless neural stimulation microsystem
Ghovanloo, M., & Najafi, K. (2004) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2004.837026 · Cited by 149
A Two-Hop Wireless Power Transfer System With an Efficiency-Enhanced Power Receiver for Motion-Free Capsule Endoscopy Inspection
Sun, T., Xie, X., Li, G., Gu, Y., Deng, Y., & Wang, Z.-H. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2012.2206809 · Cited by 148 · cited 3×
“6% [103], 87% [104] and 86% [105] efficiencies for MIDs.”
Method
A new IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio-frequency radiation
Lin, J. C. (2006) · IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine · doi:10.1109/map.2006.1645601 · Cited by 146 · cited 1×
“(4) The large power requirement of some multi-functional implantable devices might prohibit the use of a WPT system that could generate an SAR above 2 W/kg, the recommended limit regarding safety of human tissues [117,127].”
Background
A Figure-of-Merit for Designing High-Performance Inductive Power Transmission Links
Kiani, M., & Ghovanloo, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2227914 · Cited by 146 · cited 8×
“The PTE of four-coil-based NRMRC WPT system using LCT is given as [137,142,144]: Sensors 2020, 20, 3487 22 of 58 η4−coil = ( k212Q1Q2 )( k223Q2Q3 )( k234Q3Q4 ) ( 1 + k212Q1Q2 )( 1 + k234Q3Q4 ) + k223Q2Q3 ( 1 + k223Q2Q3+k234Q3Q4 ) (32) The PTE of four-coil-based NRMRC WPT system using RLT can be written as [67,75,82,14…”
MethodInfluential
An Ultrasonically Powered Implantable Micro-Oxygen Generator (IMOG)
Maleki, T., Cao, N., Song, S., Kao, C. H., Ko, S., & Ziaie, B. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2163634 · Cited by 144
Contactless Energy Transfer Systems Using Antiparallel Resonant Loops
Lee, W.-S., Son, W., Oh, K., & Yu, J.-W. (2013) · IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print) · doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2177611 · Cited by 144 · cited 1×
“Recent research regarding the use of antiparallel resonant loops [133,134] demonstrate a higher PTE at a larger separation distance.”
Background
A Multiband Antenna Associating Wireless Monitoring and Nonleaky Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Implants
Das, R., & Yoo, H. (2017) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2017.2647945 · Cited by 142
Lumped parameter models for single- and multiple-layer inductors
Massarini, A., Kazimierczuk, M. K., & Grandi, G. (1996) · PESC Record. 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference · doi:10.1109/pesc.1996.548595 · Cited by 137 · cited 1×
“where ς is the thickness of the insulating wire, ro is the radius of the conducting section of the wire, Dx is the average diameter of the insulating coating shell given by (Din + Dc)/2 [83].”
Background
Parameter Design for a 6.78-MHz Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Analytical Derivation of Class E Current-Driven Rectifier
Liu, M., Fu, M.-F., & Ma, C. (2016) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2472565 · Cited by 132 · cited 2×
“A detailed analysis and optimization of the parameters is provided in [96].”
BackgroundMethod
Robust Wireless Power Transmission to mm-Sized Free-Floating Distributed Implants
Mirbozorgi, S. A., Yeon, P., & Ghovanloo, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2663358 · Cited by 131 · cited 3×
“For very small-sized RX coils, a high Q-factor intermediate resonator can significantly improve the PTE, which is explained analytically in [145].”
BackgroundInfluential
Tracking Optimal Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Capsule Endoscopy
Na, K., Jang, H., Ma, H., & Bien, F. (2015) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2014.2365475 · Cited by 130 · cited 4×
“Figure 27a shows a four-coil WPT system for CE [148].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
On the Efficiency of Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer
Xia, M.-H., & Aïssa, S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2015.2417497 · Cited by 129 · cited 3×
“The end to end power transfer efficiency of the RFF WPT system can be expressed as [167]:”
BackgroundMethod
A Smart Multicoil Inductively Coupled Array for Wireless Power Transmission
Mirbozorgi, S. A., Bahrami, H., Sawan, M., & Gosselin, B. J. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2308138 · Cited by 127
Efficient weakly-radiative wireless energy transfer: An EIT-like approach
Hamam, R. E., Karalis, A., Joannopoulos, J. D., & Marin Soljacic, A. (2009) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.aop.2009.05.005 · Cited by 126
Misalignment Sensitivity of Strongly Coupled Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Liu, D., Hu, H., & Georgakopoulos, S. V. (2017) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2016.2605698 · Cited by 122
Ultrasound in Medicine
Torp, H. (1976) · Springer US · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4307-3 · Cited by 122
Wireless Power Transfer to Miniature Implants: Transmitter Optimization
Kim, S., Ho, J. S., & Poon, A. S. Y. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2012.2207341 · Cited by 121 · cited 6×
“The maximum PTE is independent of the antenna structure and relies solely on the maximization of the coupling parameter γ [158]: γ = |Z21|(2) R11 (35)”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Planar Magnetically Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System Using Printed Spiral Coils
Jolani, F., Yu, Y.-Q., & Chen, Z. (2014) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2014.2349481 · Cited by 118 · cited 3×
“The optimization of NRMRC follows a similar methodology as the one presented in Figure 5 [67,75,82,137,140,141].”
Method
Cut the Cord: Low-Power Far-Field Wireless Powering
Popović, Z. (2013) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2012.2234638 · Cited by 113 · cited 1×
“In [44], the challenges, possible design procedures and future of far-field WPT were examined.”
Background
Imaging and steering an optical wireless nanoantenna link
Drégely, D., Lindfors, K., Lippitz, M., Engheta, N., Totzeck, M., & Giessen, H. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5354 · Cited by 112
Implantable RF medical devices: the benefits of high-speed communication and much greater communication distances in biomedical applications
Chow, E., Morris, M., & Irazoqui, P. (2013) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2013.2248586 · Cited by 111 · cited 1×
“Radio frequency (RF) modeling, different frequency bands and a brief study on the RF implantable device testing inside phantoms, ex vivo and in vivo were presented in [47].”
Background
Accurate Modeling of Coil Inductance for Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer
Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2018.2854190 · Cited by 107 · cited 1×
“However, recent research on 3D WPT coils demonstrated it is a promising solution for the misalignment issue of NRIC [80,135].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Application of Wireless Power Transmission Systems in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: An Overview
Basar, M. R., Ahmad, M. Y., Cho, J., & Ibrahim, F. (2014) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140610929 · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“In [49,50], the possibility and few applications of WPT for capsule endoscopy were demonstrated.”
Background
Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer using a continuous wave 650 kHz Gaussian shaded transmitter.
Ozeri, S., Shmilovitz, D., Singer, S., & Wang, C.-C. (2010) · Ultrasonics · doi:10.1016/j.ultras.2010.01.004 · Cited by 102
A multi-coil inductive powering system for an endoscopic capsule with vibratory actuation
Carta, R., Sfakiotakis, M., Pateromichelakis, N., Thoné, J., Tsakiris, D., & Puers, R. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2011.03.036 · Cited by 97
Scalable high lead-count parylene package for retinal prostheses
Rodger, D. C., Weiland, J. D., Humayun, M. S., & Tai, Y.-C. (2006) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2005.11.010 · Cited by 96
Far-Field RF Powering of Implantable Devices: Safety Considerations
Bercich, R. A., Duffy, D. R., & Irazoqui, P. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2246787 · Cited by 95
Omnidirectional Ultrasonic Powering for Millimeter-Scale Implantable Devices
Song, S.-H., Kim, A., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2444854 · Cited by 95
A Wireless Magnetic Resonance Energy Transfer System for Micro Implantable Medical Sensors
Li, X., Zhang, H., Peng, F., Li, Y., Yang, T., Wang, B., & Fang, D.-M. (2012) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s120810292 · Cited by 90 · cited 2×
“In [67,140,141] and [137,142], L is calculated using Equations (6) and (8), and Mij is determined using (9) and (11).”
Method
Orientation insensitive power transfer by magnetic resonance for mobile devices
Jonah, O., Georgakopoulos, S. V., & Tentzeris, M. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) · doi:10.1109/wpt.2013.6556868 · Cited by 89
Modeling and Optimization of Class-E Amplifier at Subnominal Condition in a Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Implants
Liu, H., Shao, Q., & Fang, X.-L. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2016.2538320 · Cited by 88 · cited 3×
“where XL is the reactance of the load loop [94].”
Background
Study of a wireless power transmission system for an active capsule endoscope
Xin, W., Yan, G., & Wang, W.-X. (2010) · The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS · doi:10.1002/rcs.298 · Cited by 88 · cited 3×
“3D WPT system for capsule endoscopy (CE) [122].”
BackgroundMethod
In Vivo Characterization of a Wireless Telemetry Module for a Capsule Endoscopy System Utilizing a Conformal Antenna
Faerber, J., Cummins, G., Pavuluri, S., Record, P., Rodriguez, A. R. A., Lay, H. S., McPhillips, R., Cox, B., Connor, C., Gregson, R., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759254 · Cited by 87 · cited 3×
“Capsule endoscopy (CE) promises early stage minimally invasive detection and rapid diagnosis of GI diseases [117] to limit the adverse effects of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders [118,119].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Miniaturized Dual-Band Antenna for Implantable Wireless Communications
Xu, L.-J., Guo, Y.-X., & Wu, W. (2014) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2014.2329937 · Cited by 87
A Novel Mat-Based System for Position-Varying Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants
Xu, Q., Wang, H., Gao, Z., Mao, Z.-H., He, J.-P., & Sun, M. (2013) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2013.2245335 · Cited by 85 · cited 2×
“Multiple-TX [150– 152] and RX [153]-based NRMRC WPT systems show great potential for future IMDs.”
Background
On the Design of Microfluidic Implant Coil for Flexible Telemetry System
Qusba, A., Ramrakhyani, A. K., So, J.-H., Hayes, G., Dickey, M., & Lazzi, G. (2014) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2293096 · Cited by 83 · cited 1×
“Severe mismatch of the resonance capacitance can occur due to the flexion characteristics of the implant coils [124].”
Background
Enabling Wireless Powering and Telemetry for Peripheral Nerve Implants
Jegadeesan, R., Nag, S., Agarwal, K., Thakor, N., & Guo, Y.-X. (2015) · IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2015.2424985 · Cited by 81 · cited 3×
“Figure 12 shows the stimulator implanted through a small incision made in the stomach region of a rat [111].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Diversity Analysis of Multiple Transmitters in Wireless Power Transfer System
Lee, K., & Cho, D. (2013) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2012.2234132 · Cited by 80
Development of Nonsuperstrate Implantable Low-Profile CPW-Fed Ceramic Antennas
Chien, T.-F., Cheng, C.-M., Yang, H.-C., Jiang, J.-W., & Luo, C.-H. (2010) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2010.2053342 · Cited by 80
Indoor Optical Wireless Power Transfer to Small Cells at Nighttime
Fakidis, J., Videv, S., Kučera, Š., Claußen, H., & Haas, H. (2016) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2016.2555883 · Cited by 80
Clinical and Economic Burden of Emergency Department Visits Due to Gastrointestinal Diseases in the United States
Myer, P., Mannalithara, A., Singh, G., Singh, G., Pasricha, P., & Ladabaum, U. (2013) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.199 · Cited by 79 · cited 2×
“Capsule endoscopy (CE) promises early stage minimally invasive detection and rapid diagnosis of GI diseases [117] to limit the adverse effects of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders [118,119].”
Background
Analysis and Optimization of Spiral Circular Inductive Coupling Link for Bio-Implanted Applications on Air and within Human Tissue
Mutashar, S., Hannan, M. A., Samad, S. A., & Hussain, A. (2014) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140711522 · Cited by 78 · cited 1×
“As shown in Figure 5, an iterative optimization flow diagram has been adopted in most of the research literature to achieve maximum PTE [36,66,70,75,76].”
Method
A Literature Survey on Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Devices
Shadid, R., & Noghanian, S. (2018) · International Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1155/2018/4382841 · Cited by 77
Inductive and Ultrasonic Multi-Tier Interface for Low-Power, Deeply Implantable Medical Devices
Sanni, A., Vilches, A., & Toumazou, C. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2175390 · Cited by 75
Optimal Operating Frequency in Wireless Power Transmission for Implantable Devices
Poon, A. S. Y., O'Driscoll, S., & Meng, T. (2007) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4353634 · Cited by 75 · cited 4×
“The mid-field WPT scheme for biomedical devices was initially proposed for a 2 × 2 mm2square loop RX implant antenna operating at 915 MHz [13,37].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Backscatter Communications: Inception of the Battery-Free Era—A Comprehensive Survey
Memon, M. L., Saxena, N., Roy, A., & Shin, D. R. (2019) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics8020129 · Cited by 75
Inductive Power Transfer System With Self-Calibrated Primary Resonant Frequency
Trigui, A., Hached, S., Mounaim, F., Ammari, A., & Sawan, M. (2015) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2399417 · Cited by 74 · cited 1×
“Some attempts have been reported to address the self-tuning of the NRIC WPT resonators [125,126].”
Background
Vibration therapy: clinical applications in bone
Thompson, W. R., Yen, S. S., & Rubin, J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000111 · Cited by 74
A Hybrid Patch/Slot Implantable Antenna for Biotelemetry Devices
Liu, C.-R., Guo, Y.-X., & Xiao, S. (2012) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2237879 · Cited by 74
An Analytical Model for Inductively Coupled Implantable Biomedical Devices With Ferrite Rods
Theilmann, P., & Asbeck, P. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2008.2004776 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, alternative approaches, such as 3D orthogonal structures [99,129–131] and ferrite materials [132] have attracted the attention of researchers as a means of improving the PTE.”
Background
Position and Orientation Insensitive Wireless Power Transmission for EnerCage-Homecage System
Jia, Y., Mirbozorgi, S. A., Wang, Z., Hsu, C.-C., Madsen, T. E., Rainnie, D. G., & Ghovanloo, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2017.2691720 · Cited by 68
On-Chip Implantable Antennas for Wireless Power and Data Transfer in a Glaucoma-Monitoring SoC
Marnat, L., Ouda, M. H., Arsalan, M., Salama, K., & Shamim, A. (2012) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2240253 · Cited by 66
Design of a Wideband Power-Efficient Inductive Wireless Link for Implantable Biomedical Devices Using Multiple Carriers
Atluri, S., & Ghovanloo, M. (2005) · Conference Proceedings. 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2005. · doi:10.1109/cne.2005.1419677 · Cited by 64 · cited 4×
“For a multi-loop, multi-layer WWC, the self-inductance is the combination of the self-inductances of all the loops and layers and the mutual inductances among different loops and layers [77,78].”
BackgroundInfluential
High-performance wireless powering for peripheral nerve neuromodulation systems
Tanabe, Y., Ho, J. S., Liu, J., Liao, S.-Y., Zhen, Z., Hsu, S., Shuto, C., Zhu, Z.-Y., Ma, A., Vassos, C., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186698 · Cited by 63 · cited 6×
“Neurostimulator Implant Figure 33a shows the design of a WPT conformal transmitter consisting of reactively loaded rings laser-cut from copper film and encapsulated in soft silicon [160].”
BackgroundInfluential
A 10.5 cm Ultrasound Link for Deep Implanted Medical Devices
Mazzilli, F., Lafon, C., & Dehollain, C. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2013.2295403 · Cited by 63
Multicoil Telemetry System for Compensation of Coil Misalignment Effects in Implantable Systems
Ramrakhyani, A. K., & Lazzi, G. (2012) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2238993 · Cited by 63 · cited 3×
“High (possible to implement in commercial IMDs) 2012/[146] Ocular Diameter: 15 mm 10 3.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Resonance-based wireless power delivery for implantable devices
Kumar, A., Mirabbasi, S., & Mu, C. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2009.5372092 · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“The PTE of four-coil-based NRMRC WPT system using LCT is given as [137,142,144]:”
Method
Near-Field Inductive-Coupling Link to Power a Three-Dimensional Millimeter-Size Antenna for Brain Implantable Medical Devices
Manoufali, M., Bialkowski, K., Mohammed, B., Mills, P. C., & Abbosh, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2017.2778729 · Cited by 62 · cited 6×
“eas re e t of the proposed NRIC WPT link for a piglet [106].”
BackgroundInfluential
Ultracompact Implantable Design With Integrated Wireless Power Transfer and RF Transmission Capabilities
Sun, G.-L., Muneer, B., Li, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2787649 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“The demand for miniaturized MIDs has led to an increase in research on the development of chip-scale-based [40,128] NRIC where the WPT coils are embedded with the integrated circuits (ICs).”
Background
Miniaturized 3-D Cross-Type Receiver for Wirelessly Powered Capsule Endoscopy
Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., Cummins, G., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2019.2893204 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“Therefore, recent research has focused on the 3D orthogonal WPT receiver architecture to mitigate the misalignment effect [123].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Inductive Power Link for a Wireless Cortical Implant With Two-Body Packaging
Silay, K. M., Dehollain, C., & Declercq, M. J. (2011) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2011.2170676 · Cited by 56 · cited 6×
“Figure 10a shows the transceiver part of the silicone elastomer package (Sylgard 184 PDMS, Dow corning) coated with a 2 μm thick layer of Parylene-C to improve its biocompatibility [108–110].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Design and optimization of a 3‐coil resonance‐based wireless power transfer system for biomedical implants
Yi, Y., Buttner, U., Fan, Y., & Foulds, I. (2015) · International journal of circuit theory and applications · doi:10.1002/cta.2024 · Cited by 55 · cited 3×
“Compared with the NRIC method, the NRMRC technique uses three [136] or four coil-based [137] architectures, as hown in Figure 23a,b, respectively, depending on the practical requirements, such as separation distance, PTE and load power rating [63].”
Method
Optical power transfer and communication methods for wireless implantable sensing platforms
Mujeeb-U-Rahman, M., Adalian, D., Chang, C.-F., & Scherer, A. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.095012 · Cited by 55 · cited 4×
“The predominant non-EM technique is acoustic-based power transfer [18] and is a far-field (more than 500 mm distance) transmission technique similar to optical coupling [19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Efficiency optimization of wireless power transmission systems for active capsule endoscopes
Jia, Z., Yan, G.-Z., Jiangpingping, Wang, Z., & Liu, H. (2011) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/32/10/005 · Cited by 54 · cited 3×
“Experimental setup of optimized 3D receiver [121].”
Background
An Implantable Pressure Sensing System With Electromechanical Interrogation Scheme
Kim, A., Powell, C., & Ziaie, B. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2318023 · Cited by 53
Chip-Scale Coils for Millimeter-Sized Bio-Implants
Feng, P., Yeon, P., Cheng, Y., Ghovanloo, M., & Constandinou, T. G. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2853670 · Cited by 53 · cited 5×
“Chip-scale coils have been proposed for implantable neural microsystems [40].”
BackgroundInfluential
Analysis and Optimization of Four-Coil Planar Magnetically Coupled Printed Spiral Resonators
Khan, S., & Choi, G.-S. (2016) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16081219 · Cited by 52 · cited 5×
“In [67,140,141] and [137,142], L is calculated using Equations (6) and (8), and Mij is determined using (9) and (11).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Optimization and Design of Small Circular Coils in a Magnetically Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System in the Megahertz Frequency
Kim, D.-H., Kim, J., & Park, Y.-J. (2016) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2016.2582874 · Cited by 52 · cited 6×
“where w is the wire diameter of the loop, or [64,77,78]: = 2 ln 8 − 2 (8)”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Localization and Tracking of Implantable Biomedical Sensors
Umay, I., Fi̇dan, B., & Barshan, B. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17030583 · Cited by 52
Wideband Near-Field Data Transmission Using Pulse Harmonic Modulation
Inanlou, F., & Ghovanloo, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2055351 · Cited by 51
Recent progress in mid-range wireless power transfer
Lee, C., Zhong, W.-X., & Hui, S. (2012) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1109/ecce.2012.6342288 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, the authors in [42,43] described the theory behind mid-field WPT and its recent improvements.”
Background
Class E Power Amplifier Design and Optimization for the Capacitive Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System in Biomedical Implants
Narayanamoorthi, R., Vimala, A., Chokkalingam, B., Padmanaban, S., & Leonowicz, Z. (2017) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en10091409 · Cited by 48 · cited 2×
“In [59], a nominal condition-based class-E power amplifier (PA) is proposed for NRCC presenting a load resistance RL, as shown in Figure 3.”
Background
Switching Technique for Inductive Power Transfer at High- $Q$ Regimes
Ju, X., Dong, L., Huang, X., & Liao, X. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2361806 · Cited by 47 · cited 2×
“t i t , t reso t circ i is use as an energy storage ele e t [89].”
Method
Critical Q analysis of a current-fed resonant converter for ICPT applications
Boys, J., Hu, A., & Covic, G. (2000) · doi:10.1049/el:20001030 · Cited by 47
Longevity of Dual Chamber Pacemakers: Device and Patient Related Determinants
Kindermann, M., Schwaab, B., Berg, M., & Fröhlig, G. (2001) · Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00810.x · Cited by 44 · cited 2×
“Packaged bat eries are limited by thei operational lifetime [31], necessit ting repeated surgical interv ntions to replace them.”
Background
Characterization of In-Body Radio Channels for Wireless Implants
Li, J., Nie, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, L., & Hao, Y. (2016) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2016.2635700 · Cited by 44
A video wireless capsule endoscopy system powered wirelessly: design, analysis and experiment
Pan, G., Xin, W., Yan, G., & Chen, J.-L. (2011) · doi:10.1088/0957-0233/22/6/065802 · Cited by 42
Multi-disciplinary challenges in tissue modeling for wireless electromagnetic powering: a review
Bocan, K. N., Mickle, M. H., & Sejdic, E. (2017) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2748338 · Cited by 41 · cited 4×
“A lower operating frequency range of 100 kHz to 50 MHz reduces tissue losses provided that the WPT systems are of sufficient large size for optimum operation [60].”
BackgroundInfluential
A Closed-Loop Remote Powering Link for Wireless Cortical Implants
Silay, K. M., Dehollain, C., & Declercq, M. (2013) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2259621 · Cited by 40
High-Efficiency CMOS RF-to-DC Rectifier Based on Dynamic Threshold Reduction Technique for Wireless Charging Applications
Mohamed, M., Fahmy, G., Abdel-Rahman, A., Allam, A., Barakat, A., Abo-Zahhad, M., Jia, H., & Pokharel, R. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866457 · Cited by 36 · cited 2×
“6% [103], 87% [104] and 86% [105] efficiencies for MIDs.”
Ultrasonically powered piezoelectric generators for bio-implantable sensors: Plate versus diaphragm
Christensen, D. B., & Roundy, S. (2015) · Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures · doi:10.1177/1045389x15585897 · Cited by 36
Interaction of electromagnetic waves with humans in wearable and biomedical implant antennas
Agarwal, K., & Guo, Y.-X. (2015) · Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference · doi:10.1109/apemc.2015.7175377 · Cited by 35
Eyeglasses-powered, contact lens-like platform with high power transfer efficiency
Kim, Y., Maeng, J., & Irazoqui, P. P. (2015) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-015-9979-0 · Cited by 35 · cited 5×
“Another ocular diagnostics device mbedded into a contact lens [113] and fabricated n a Parylene substrate is shown in Figures 16 and 17.”
BackgroundInfluential
Resonantly coupled antennas for passive sensors
Rindorf, L., Lading, L., & Breinbjerg, O. (2008) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.1109/icsens.2008.4716759 · Cited by 34
Highly efficient wireless energy harvesting system using metamaterial based compact CP antenna
Agarwal, K., Mishra, T., Karim, M., Nasimuddin, Chuen, M., Guo, Y.-X., & Panda, S. K. (2013) · 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT) · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2013.6697693 · Cited by 33 · cited 1×
“In [165], a single-stage Dickson charge pump is used as a rectifier.”
Method
Personalizing therapies for gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms and novel targeted therapies.
Luís, M., Tavares, A., Carvalho, L. S., Lara-Santos, L., Araújo, A., & de Mello, R. D. (2013) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i38.6383 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“Capsule endoscopy (CE) promises early stage minimally invasive detection and rapid diagnosis of GI diseases [117] to limit the adverse effects of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders [118,119].”
Background
Ultrasound energy harvesting system for deep implanted-medical-devices (IMDs)
Mazzilli, F., Thoppay, P., Praplan, V., & Dehollain, C. (2012) · 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/iscas.2012.6271911 · Cited by 32
Design and simulation of printed spiral coil used in wireless power transmission systems for implant medical devices
Wu, W., & Fang, Q. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090998 · Cited by 32 · cited 3×
“Its performance is commonly limited by the skin effect and proximity effect resistances [36,69,72], large separation distance between TX and RX, translational and angular misalignment of the coils and tissue losses.”
Background
Modeling of a capacitive link for data telemetry to biomedical implants
Takhti, M., Asgarian, F., & Sodagar, A. M. (2011) · Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2011.6107757 · Cited by 30 · cited 3×
“In [53], an NRCC WPT link was tested on a non-human primate cadaver between 100 to 150 MHz for a 40 × 40 mm2 external TX patch size.”
MethodInfluential
Modeling and Analysis of Class-E Amplifier With a Shunt Inductor at Sub-Nominal Operation for Any Duty Ratio
Hayati, M., Lotfi, A., Kazimierczuk, M., & Sekiya, H. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part 1: Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2013.2283692 · Cited by 28 · cited 3×
“Besides the nominal-based class-E PA [90–92], a higher effici cy sub-nomin l lass-E PA is presented in its gen r l cont xt [93] n for IDs [94].”
Background
DESIGN OF SPIRAL CIRCULAR COILS IN WET AND DRY TISSUE FOR BIO-IMPLANTED MICRO-SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Abbas, S. M., Hannan, M. A., Samad, S. A., & Hussain, A. (2013) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research M · doi:10.2528/pierm13052707 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“As shown in Figure 5, an iterative optimization flow diagram has been adopted in most of the research literature to achieve maximum PTE [36,66,70,75,76].”
Method
A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry
Gong, C., Liu, D.-K., Miao, Z., & Li, M. (2017) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17081768 · Cited by 23 · cited 6×
“Prototype and measurement setup of the proposed system [112].”
BackgroundInfluential
Wireless power delivery for retinal prostheses
Ng, D., Williams, C. E., Allen, P., Bai, S., Boyd, C. S., Meffin, H., Halpern, M., & Skafidas, E. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6092061 · Cited by 23 · cited 3×
“The maximum achievable efficiency of the proposed system [147] is 8.”
BackgroundInfluential
Theoretical study for safe and efficient energy transfer to deeply implanted devices using ultrasound
Cotté, B., Lafon, C., Dehollain, C., & Chapelon, J. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2012.2373 · Cited by 22
A Hybrid Optimal Design Strategy of Wireless Magnetic-Resonant Charger for Deep Brain Stimulation Devices
Xiu, Z., Ho, S. L., & Fu, W. N. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2013.2244585 · Cited by 22
Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Autonomous Sensors with RFID Interface
Węglarski, M., & Jankowski-Mihułowicz, P. (2019) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19204392 · Cited by 20
High-efficiency CMOS rectifier with minimized leakage and threshold cancellation features for low power bio-implants
Khan, S., & Choi, G.-S. (2017) · Microelectronics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2017.06.002 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
High efficiency low power rectifier design using zero bias schottky diodes
Mabrouki, A., Latrach, M., & Lorrain, V. (2014) · IEEE Faible Tension Faible Consommation · doi:10.1109/ftfc.2014.6828604 · Cited by 20 · cited 2×
“However, the efficiency of this type of rectifier varies between 30% to 80% and significantly lower at higher operating frequencies [102] due to an increase in leakage current.”
Background
High-Efficiency Mid-Range Inductive Power Transfer Employing Alternative-Winding Coils
Yi, Z.-X., Li, M., Muneer, B., & Zhu, Q. (2019) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2872047 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“Recent research regarding the use of antiparallel resonant loops [133,134] demonstrate a higher PTE at a larger separation distance.”
Background
Effects of coil misalignment in a four coil implantable wireless power transfer system
Varghese, B. J., Bobba, P. B., & Kavitha, M. (2016) · IEEE Power India International Conference · doi:10.1109/poweri.2016.8077155 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“Compared with NRIC and NRMRC, this transfer technique demonstrates robustness against misalignment of the TX and RX coils [162,163].”
Method
An optical wireless power transfer system for rapid charging
Raavi, S., Arigong, B., Zhou, R., Jung, S., Jin, M. H. ‐., Zhang, H., & Kim, H. (2013) · IEEE Texas Symposium on Wireless and Microwave Circuits and Systems (WMCS) · doi:10.1109/wmcas.2013.6563551 · Cited by 18
Study of midfield wireless power transfer for implantable medical devices
Keerthi., K. S., Ilango., K., & Manjula., G. N. (2018) · 2018 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (IBIOMED) · doi:10.1109/ibiomed.2018.8534820 · Cited by 17 · cited 2×
“The mid-field WPT for implantable systems was analyzed in [48] and its powering method for cardiac implants was demonstrated.”
Method
Spatial carrier position modulation based multichannel capacitive link for bioelectronic implants
Hassan, A., Sawma, C., Hasanuzzaman, M., Gosselin, B., & Sawan, M. (2015) · Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2015.7348292 · Cited by 17
Optimization of planar strongly coupled wireless power transfer system for biomedical applications
Khan, S. R., & Choi, G.-S. (2016) · doi:10.1002/mop.29934 · Cited by 16 · cited 4×
“The optimization of NRMRC follows a similar methodology as the one presented in Figure 5 [67,75,82,137,140,141].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Investigation of High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer Criteria of Resonantly-Coupled Loops and Dipoles through Analysis of the Figure of Merit
Moorey, C. L., Holderbaum, W., & Potter, B. (2015) · doi:10.3390/en81011342 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“where QL (=2πfLRX/RL) [15,87,88] is the loaded Q-factor calculated by using the inductance of the RX coil, LRX, and the load resistance, RL, and the imensi nless figure-of-merit, FOM, defined as [87]: = , (26)”
Method
3-Coil orientation insensitive wireless power transfer for capsule endoscope
Ghotbi, I., Najjarzadegan, M., Ashtiani, S., Shoaei, O., & Shahabadi, M. (2015) · Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1109/iraniancee.2015.7146407 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“A similar rectifier topology with Schottky diodes is presented in [97,98] for three dimensional (3D) NRIC WPT for MIDs.”
Method
Antenna Theory and Design
Rudge, A. (1982) · Electronics and Power · doi:10.1049/ep.1982.0113 · Cited by 15
Neural Computation, Neural Devices, and Neural Prosthesis
Yang, Z. (2014) · Springer: New York · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8151-5 · Cited by 15 · cited 4×
“However, the level of miniaturization required for NRIC and NRMRC implantable systems affects the PTE performance at these low frequencies [13,154], especially when the implant is much smaller than its separation distance from the TX coil [155].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Wireless power transfer with on-chip inductor and class-E power amplifier for implant medical device applications
Thangasamy, V., Kamsani, N., Thiruchelvam, V., Hamidon, M. N., Hashim, S., Bukhori, M. F., & Yusoff, Z. (2015) · Student Conference on Research and Development · doi:10.1109/scored.2015.7449370 · Cited by 14
Wireless Power Transfer at Sub-GHz Frequency for Capsule Endoscope
Ding, K., Yu, Y., Lin, H., & Xie, J. (2016) · doi:10.2528/pierc16042302 · Cited by 13 · cited 3×
“NRMRC PT sub-GHz experi ental setup [149].”
Influential
Powering low-power implants using PZT transducer discs operated in the radial mode
Sanni, A., & Vilches, A. (2013) · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/22/11/115005 · Cited by 12
New analytical model for the characterisation of printed spiral coils for wireless power transfer
Khan, S., Pavuluri, S., & Desmulliez, M. (2018) · doi:10.1049/cp.2018.1122 · Cited by 12 · cited 7×
“A nested multidimensional optimization algorithm has recently been proposed in [79].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Radiation Q and radiation efficiency of wideband small antennas and their relation to bandwidth and cut-off of spherical modes
Nyberg, D., Kildal, P., & Carlsson, J. (2007) · doi:10.1049/ic.2007.1256 · Cited by 11
An ultrasonically powered implantable micro-light source for localized photodynamic therapy
Zhou, J.-W., Kim, A., Song, S. H., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems · doi:10.1109/transducers.2015.7181063 · Cited by 10
3-Coil resonance-based wireless power transfer system for implantable electronic
Yi, Y., Buttner, U., Fan, Y., & Foulds, I. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) · doi:10.1109/wpt.2013.6556925 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“The PTE of the three-coil-based system using lumped element analysis is derived as [136,143]:”
Method
A 36 W Wireless Power Transfer System with 82% Efficiency for LED Lighting Applications
Chen, W.-T., Chinga, R. A., Yoshida, S., Lin, J.-S., & Hsu, C.-K. (2013) · doi:10.5104/jiepeng.6.32 · Cited by 10
An ultrasonically controlled power management system for implantable biomedical devices
Zhou, J.-W., Kim, A., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2015.7348297 · Cited by 9
Analysis and design of Class-E power amplifiers at any duty ratio in frequency domain
Yang, T.-L., Liang, J., Zhao, C.-Y., & Chen, D.-Y. (2011) · doi:10.1007/s10470-010-9568-3 · Cited by 9
Finite element analysis and corresponding experiments of resonant energy transmission for wireless transmission devices using witricity
Wang, J.-H., Ho, S., Fu, W., & Sun, M. (2010) · Digests of the 2010 14th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation · doi:10.1109/cefc.2010.5481419 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“Witricity, a term coined for wireless electricity, is the technology to transfer power using two resonating objects synchronized at the same operating frequency [17].”
Background

Flagged first, then by citations

10 of the 219 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

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Sorted by citations

Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices
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See all 355

Authors: Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., Cummins, G., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y.
Affiliations: Heriot-Watt University (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Khan, Sadeque Reza
ORCID: Khan, Sadeque Reza
Cummins, Gerard
Desmulliez, Marc P. Y.
Venue: Sensors
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-06-19
Volume: 20
Issue: 12
Pages: 3487
ISSN: 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/s20123487
PMC: PMC7349694
OpenAlex: W3036329699
Cited by: 355
References: 219
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 6
FWCI: 2.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K034537/2)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
Keywords: wireless power transfer, biomedical implants, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, capacitive coupling, power transfer efficiency, tissue safety, separation distance, operating frequency
MeSH terms: Electronics, Electric Power Supplies, Prostheses and Implants, Wireless Technology

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Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review

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