Security, Privacy, and Usability in Continuous Authentication: A Survey
Open accessAbstract
Continuous authentication has been proposed as a possible approach for passive and seamless user authentication, using sensor data comprising biometric, behavioral, and context-oriented characteristics. Since these are personal data being transmitted and are outside the control of the user, this approach causes privacy issues. Continuous authentication has security challenges concerning poor matching rates and susceptibility of replay attacks. The security issues are mainly poor matching rates and the problems of replay attacks. In this survey, we present an overview of continuous authentication and comprehensively discusses its different modes, and issues that these modes have related to security, privacy, and usability. A comparison of privacy-preserving approaches dealing with the privacy issues is provided, and lastly recommendations for secure, privacy-preserving, and user-friendly continuous authentication.
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In Prime MotorX's network layer, encrypted sensor data is subjected to replay attacks.
“On the other hand, when the data is encrypted, the attacker launches a Traffic Analysis attack [72], utilizing Wireshark [73], and a Replay attack [74], with the target being the encrypted data.”
From A Critical Overview of Industrial Internet of Things Security and Privacy Issues Using a Layer-Based Hacking Scenario (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
Section 4.3 (page unavailable) says continuous-authentication methods are susceptible to replay attacks, giving forged fingerprints as an example. It does not say that encrypted sensor data is replayed at the network layer or address Prime MotorX, so it supports the general attack type but not the claimed target or setting. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Prime MotorX's network layer, encrypted sensor data is subjected to traffic analysis attacks.
“On the other hand, when the data is encrypted, the attacker launches a Traffic Analysis attack [72], utilizing Wireshark [73], and a Replay attack [74], with the target being the encrypted data.”
From A Critical Overview of Industrial Internet of Things Security and Privacy Issues Using a Layer-Based Hacking Scenario (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
Section 4.2 discusses authentication data transmitted to a server, and Section 4.3 discusses replay attacks, but neither addresses traffic analysis of encrypted sensor data. Searches for “traffic analysis,” “encrypted sensor data,” “Wireshark,” and “Prime MotorX” found no passage supporting the point attributed to this source by [72]. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Contactless Authentication for Wearable Devices Using RFID
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Towards Automated Creation of Adaptive Continuous Authentication Systems for Telework Scenarios
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EPCT: An Efficient Privacy-Preserving and Collusion-Resisting Top- k Query Processing in WSNs
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LWO vs. LWE Lattice Problems in Human-Computable Passwords Protocol
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A Continuous Authentication Scheme for Digital Therapeutics Using Denoising Autoencoder
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A Secure Privacy-Preserving Multimodal Continuous Authentication Protocol for Healthcare Systems
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Authentication Inconsistencies Across Online Services: A Multi-Scenario Security Analysis
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Always Authenticated, Never Exposed: Continuous Authentication via Zero-Knowledge Proofs
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- Authors
- Baig, A. F., & Eskeland, S.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Computing Center (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Baig, Ahmed Fraz
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 5967
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8434648
- OpenAlex
- W3197878201
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (860315)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › User Authentication and Security Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Biometric Identification and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Authentication Protocols Security
- Keywords
- continuous authentication, passive authentication, biometric sensors, behavioral biometrics, context-aware authentication, privacy preservation, replay attacks, match rate, usability, security (computing)
- MeSH terms
- Biometry, Confidentiality, Computer Security, Telemedicine, Privacy
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