The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metaverse in Healthcare Integrated with Explainable AI and Blockchain: Enabling Immersiveness, Ensuring Trust, and Providing Patient Data Security
Open accessAbstract
Digitization and automation have always had an immense impact on healthcare. It embraces every new and advanced technology. Recently the world has witnessed the prominence of the metaverse which is an emerging technology in digital space. The metaverse has huge potential to provide a plethora of health services seamlessly to patients and medical professionals with an immersive experience. This paper proposes the amalgamation of artificial intelligence and blockchain in the metaverse to provide better, faster, and more secure healthcare facilities in digital space with a realistic experience. Our proposed architecture can be summarized as follows. It consists of three environments, namely the doctor’s environment, the patient’s environment, and the metaverse environment. The doctors and patients interact in a metaverse environment assisted by blockchain technology which ensures the safety, security, and privacy of data. The metaverse environment is the main part of our proposed architecture. The doctors, patients, and nurses enter this environment by registering on the blockchain and they are represented by avatars in the metaverse environment. All the consultation activities between the doctor and the patient will be recorded and the data, i.e., images, speech, text, videos, clinical data, etc., will be gathered, transferred, and stored on the blockchain. These data are used for disease prediction and diagnosis by explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models. The GradCAM and LIME approaches of XAI provide logical reasoning for the prediction of diseases and ensure trust, explainability, interpretability, and transparency regarding the diagnosis and prediction of diseases. Blockchain technology provides data security for patients while enabling transparency, traceability, and immutability regarding their data. These features of blockchain ensure trust among the patients regarding their data. Consequently, this proposed architecture ensures transparency and trust regarding both the diagnosis of diseases and the data security of the patient. We also explored the building block technologies of the metaverse. Furthermore, we also investigated the advantages and challenges of a metaverse in healthcare.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The authors of [16] envisioned a healthcare metaverse where AI and blockchain work together to offer secure and efficient remote health monitoring and virtual consultations.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemPreprint
Squarepants, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3977007 · Cited by 11,146 · cited 1×
“Blockchain was introduced by Nakamoto Satoshi for the first time in 2008 [69].”
MethodThe emergence of edge computing
Satyanarayanan, M. (2017) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2017.9 · Cited by 2,832 · cited 1×
“Artificial intelligence enables machines to mimic the human brain and it learns from the experience just like a human does.”
BackgroundDwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M. M., Dennehy, D., Metri, B., Buhalis, D., Cheung, C. M. K., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542 · Cited by 2,753
A Survey on Metaverse: Fundamentals, Security, and Privacy
Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Xing, R., Liu, D., Luan, T. H., & Shen, X. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3202047 · Cited by 1,655 · cited 1×
“If the metaverse‐enabling devices for example Oculus helmet and Meta Quest are attacked by hackers this may result in serious conse‐ quences [77].”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence in Human Resources Management: Challenges and a Path Forward
Tambe, P., Cappelli, P., & Yakubovich, V. (2019) · California Management Review · doi:10.1177/0008125619867910 · Cited by 1,609
A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities
Monrat, A. A., Schelen, O., & Andersson, K. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936094 · Cited by 1,077
Educational Applications of Metaverse: Possibilities and Limitations
Kye, B., Han, N., Kim, E., Park, Y., & Jo, S. (2021) · Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions · doi:10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.32 · Cited by 1,076 · cited 1×
“6 of 19”
Blockchain for the metaverse: A Review
Huynh‐The, T., Gadekallu, T. R., Wang, W., Yenduri, G., Ranaweera, P. S., Pham, Q., da Costa, D. B., & Liyanage, M. (2023) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2023.02.008 · Cited by 1,053
A decentralized privacy-preserving healthcare blockchain for IoT
Dwivedi, A. D., Srivastava, G., Dhar, S., & Singh, R. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19020326 · Cited by 881 · cited 1×
“Besides blockchain technology, a patient‑centric interaction policy also helps improve trust among patients [87,88].”
BackgroundAllam, Z., Sharifi, A., Bibri, S. E., Jones, D. S., & Krogstie, J. (2022) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities5030040 · Cited by 768 · cited 1×
“The researchers have in‐ vestigated the role of themetaverse in different fields such as healthcare [15], medicine [16], e‐commerce [17], education [18], and smart cities [19,20].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Jeong, 2022, An innovative e-commerce platform incorporating metaverse to live commerce, Int. J. Innov. Comput. Inf. Control., 18, 221
- Athar, 2022, The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in the Metaverse, 한국정보통신학회 종합학술대회 논문집, 26, 573
- Tambe, P., Cappelli, P., and Yakubovich, V. (2019, January 19–20). Role of AI in Gaming and Simulation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Networks, Big Data and IoT, Madurai, India.
- Kuo, T.T., and Ohno-Machado, L. (2018). Modelchain: Decentralized privacy-preserving healthcare predictive modeling framework on private blockchain networks. arXiv.
- Yang, 2022, Smart Health Intelligent Healthcare Systems in the Metaverse, Artificial Intelligence, and Data Science Era, J. Organ. End User Comput., 34, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Williamson, S. M., & Prybutok, V. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14020675 · Cited by 567
“Homomorphic Encryption in healthcare AI systems enables secure data utilization, ensuring patient confidentiality is maintained even during complex data analysis processes [15].”
BackgroundDwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., Baabdullah, A. M., Kar, A. K., Koohang, A. A., Navarrete, S. R., Belei, N., Balakrishnan, J., et al. (2023) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-023-10400-x · Cited by 268
“A centralised information flow using blockchains could be developed (Ali et al., 2023), enabling rigorous identity markers integrated with citizenship identities, and authorising digital currencies.”
MethodUllah, H., Manickam, S., Obaidat, M., Laghari, S. U. A., & Uddin, M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3286696 · Cited by 198
“Reference [10] advocates for the fusion of AI and blockchain in the metaverse for superior healthcare services, but the study lacks a practical demonstration of such a system.”
BackgroundUnlocking the power of blockchain in education: An overview of innovations and outcomes
Koshiry, A. M. E., Eliwa, E. H. I., El‐Hafeez, T. A., & Shams, M. Y. (2023) · Blockchain Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100165 · Cited by 168
Mozumder, M. A. I., Armand, T. P. T., Uddin, S. M. I., Athar, A., Sumon, R. I., Hussain, A., & Kim, H. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13085127 · Cited by 106
Self-citationKang, J., Wen, J., Ye, D., Lai, B., Wu, T., Xiong, Z., Nie, J., Niyato, D. T., Zhang, Y., & Xie, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking · doi:10.1109/tccn.2023.3316643 · Cited by 100
“Ali et al. [19] presented the potential of meta-verse fusing with AI technologies and blockchain technologies in the healthcare domain and proposed a metaverse-based healthcare system by integrating blockchains and explainable AI for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.”
BackgroundRejeb, A., Rejeb, K., & Treiblmaier, H. (2023) · Information · doi:10.3390/info14070356 · Cited by 103
“Ali et al. [143] argued that the metaverse can improve healthcare facilities and provide faster as well as more efficient and secure services with realistic experiences when AI and blockchain technologies are integrated.”
BackgroundA Comprehensive Survey of Digital Twins in Healthcare in the Era of Metaverse
Turab, M., & Jamil, S. (2023) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics3030039 · Cited by 100
Abumalloh, R. A., Nilashi, M., Ooi, K., Wei-Han, G., Cham, T., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Hughes, L. (2023) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-023-05608-8 · Cited by 99
“AI in the metaverse has the ability to improve Natural Language Processing (NLP) (Ali et al., 2023), speech recognition (Siyaev & Jo, 2021), and computer vision (Hopkins, 2022).”
Blockchain, artificial intelligence, and healthcare: the tripod of future—a narrative review
Bathula, A., Gupta, S. K., Merugu, S., Saba, L., Khanna, N. N., Laird, J. R., Sanagala, S. S., Singh, R. K., Garg, D., Fouda, M. M., et al. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-024-10873-5 · Cited by 110
Al-kfairy, M., Alomari, A., Al-Bashayreh, M. G., Alfandi, O., & Tubishat, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31413 · Cited by 75
Internet of everything meets the metaverse: Bridging physical and virtual worlds with blockchain
Rafique, W., & Qadir, J. (2024) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2024.100678 · Cited by 75
Vallée, A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72411 · Cited by 86
On the privacy and security for e-health services in the metaverse: An overview
Letafati, M., & Otoum, S. (2023) · Ad Hoc Networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2023.103262 · Cited by 73
Synergizing blockchain and artificial intelligence to enhance healthcare
Omidian, H. (2024) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104111 · Cited by 77
Alsabah, M. Q., Naser, M. A., Albahri, A. S., Albahri, A. S., Alamoodi, A. H., Abdulhussain, S. H., & Alzubaidi, L. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11342-3 · Cited by 92
Machine Learning in Metaverse Security: Current Solutions and Future Challenges
Otoum, Y., Gottimukkala, N., Kumar, N., & Nayak, A. R. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3654663 · Cited by 66
Sarno, L. D., Caroselli, A., Tonin, G., Graglia, B., Pansini, V., Causio, F. A., Gatto, A., & Chiaretti, A. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061220 · Cited by 64
“This data are then used by explainable AI models to predict and diagnose diseases, ensuring logical reasoning, trust, transparency, and interpretability in the diagnostic process [28].”
InfluentialMultisensory Metaverse-6G: A New Paradigm of Commerce and Education
ALSAMH, M. H., Hawbani, A., Kumar, S., & Alsamhi, S. H. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3392838 · Cited by 63
“With the ability to transmit multisensory data in real-time, healthcare professionals can collaborate more effectively and provide better patient care [106], [107].”
BackgroundMetaverse and its impact on medical education and health care system: A narrative review
Ghaempanah, F., Ghafari, B. M., Hesami, D., Zadeh, R. H., Noroozpoor, R., Ghalibaf, A. M., & Hasanabadi, P. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70100 · Cited by 55
Security and Privacy Requirements for the Metaverse: A Metaverse Applications Perspective
Kang, G., Koo, J., & Kim, Y. (2023) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.014.2200620 · Cited by 55
“It is also utilized in data security and to ensure secure communication for the applications [5, 6].”
Sun, Z., Zhang, R., & Zhu, X. (2024) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.02.016 · Cited by 49
Navigating Ethical Dimensions in the Metaverse: Challenges, Frameworks, and Solutions
Al-kfairy, M., Alrabaee, S., Alfandi, O., Mohamed, A., & Khaddaj, S. A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564498 · Cited by 59
“This transparency enhances trust and empowers users to challenge or appeal decisions they perceive as unfair or incorrect [93].”
Perceptions and drivers of the metaverse adoption: A mixed‐methods study
Adhini, N. V., & Prasad, C. V. V. S. N. V. (2024) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.13069 · Cited by 44
SIGNIFICANCE OF NFT AVTAARS IN METAVERSE AND THEIR PROMOTION: CASE STUDY
Duggal, A., Gupta, M., & Gupta, D. (2023) · Scientific Journal of Metaverse and Blockchain Technologies · doi:10.36676/sjmbt.v1i1.04 · Cited by 42
The Meta-Metaverse: Ideation and Future Directions
Jamshidi, M. B., Serej, A. D., Jamshidi, A., & Moztarzadeh, O. (2023) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi15080252 · Cited by 39
“At present, advanced hospitals and universities employ technologies like AR, VR, and AI to aid surgeons in performing surgeries more efficiently by offering a 3D view of the patient’s body [56,57].”
Digital Healthcare in the Metaverse: Insights into Privacy and Security
Letafati, M., & Otoum, S. (2023) · IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mce.2023.3334494 · Cited by 39
Trends in health telematics and telemedicine services
Oloriz, M. A. G., Beltrán, C. R., & Sánchez, C. M. C. (2022) · Data & Metadata · doi:10.56294/dm202216 · Cited by 38
“(16) Ali et al.(16) exploit the possibilities of the metaverse in medical services and propose a service architecture divided into three environments: the patient's, the doctor's, and the metaverse's.”
BackgroundInfluentialInvestigating Role of Blockchain in Making your Greetings Valuable
Gupta, M., & Gupta, D. (2023) · Universal Research Reports · doi:10.36676/urr.2023-v10i4-009 · Cited by 38
Artificial intelligence in cybersecurity: Protecting national infrastructure: A USA review
Adewusi, A. O., Okoli, U. I., Olorunsogo, T., Adaga, E. M., Daraojimba, D. O., & Obi, O. C. (2024) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0313 · Cited by 38
“Protecting sensitive healthcare data against cyber threats (Ali et al., 2023).”
BackgroundBlockchain and Healthcare: A Critical Analysis of Progress and Challenges in the Last Five Years
Taherdoost, H. (2023) · Blockchains · doi:10.3390/blockchains1020006 · Cited by 44
“In addition, Ali et al. [69] explore how these three technologies are combined in healthcare to promote immersive experiences, open AI-driven decision-making, and secure patient data management.”
BackgroundMetaverse in Mental Health: The Beginning of a Long History
Cerasa, A., Gaggioli, A., Pioggia, G., & Riva, G. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01501-8 · Cited by 41
“Moreover, the connection between the virtual and physical worlds offers the capability for real-time monitoring and feedback [7], providing therapists with valuable data on patient progress and engagement levels.”
BackgroundIntegration of IoT and blockchain for decentralized management and ownership in the metaverse
Din, I. U., Awan, K. A., Almogren, A., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2023) · International Journal of Communication Systems · doi:10.1002/dac.5612 · Cited by 35
“32 The efficacy of metaverse experiences is bolstered by the seamless integration of real-world dynamics.”
BackgroundMerhej, J., Harb, H., Abouaïssa, A., & Idoumghar, L. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14198808 · Cited by 34
Metaverse in Business and Commerce
Tariq, M. U. (2024) · Advances in social networking and online communities book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5868-9.ch004 · Cited by 33
Abdulmuhsin, A. A., Owain, H. O., Dbesan, A. H., Alkhwaldi, A. F., & Tarhini, A. (2025) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-02-2024-4287 · Cited by 39
Toumaj, S., Heidari, A., & Navimipour, N. J. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2025.103243 · Cited by 36
The Metaverse for Intelligent Healthcare using XAI, Blockchain, and Immersive Technology
Mozumder, M. A. I., Armand, T. P. T., Sumon, R. I., Uddin, S. M. I., Athar, A., & Kim, H. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and Applications (MetaCom) · doi:10.1109/metacom57706.2023.00107 · Cited by 32
“The adoption of the metaverse will be sluggish and might even have some unfavorable outcomes unless the whole healthcare sector quickly establishes data and communication standards [24].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTopic prevalence and trends of metaverse in healthcare: a bibliometric analysis
Wu, P., Chen, D., & Zhang, R. (2023) · Data Science and Management · doi:10.1016/j.dsm.2023.12.003 · Cited by 30
Tabassum, A., Ghaznavi, I., Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., & Qadir, J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72400 · Cited by 38
“…intuition and empathy loss [7,53,57,63] Regulatory guidelines and frameworks • Ethical standards: fairness, transparency, and accountability [34,75]; standards for explainable AI [34,52] • Privacy and consent: data privacy regulations [28,62]; reconsent protocols in long-term AI-XR…”
InfluentialExploring the Confluence of IoT and Metaverse: Future Opportunities and Challenges
Asif, R., & Hassan, S. R. (2023) · IoT · doi:10.3390/iot4030018 · Cited by 31
Evaluation of Metaverse Tools Based on Privacy Model Using Fuzzy MCDM Approach
Husin, N. A., Abdulsaeed, A. A., Muhsen, Y. R., Zaidan, A. S., Alnoor, A., & Al-mawla, Z. R. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51716-7_1 · Cited by 27
Metaverse applications and supply chain innovation: insights from text mining
Mahdikhani, M., & Meena, P. L. (2024) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2024.100591 · Cited by 30
Mapping Metaverse Research to the Sustainable Development Goal of Good Health and Well-Being
Raghu Raman, R., Hughes, L., Mandal, S., Das, P., & Nedungadi, P. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3502171 · Cited by 30
Medical IoT Record Security and Blockchain: Systematic Review of Milieu, Milestones, and Momentum
Ajakwe, S. O., Igboanusi, I. S., Ihekoronye, V. U., Nwankwo, O. U., Dini, M. A., Izuazu, U. U., Kim, D., & Lee, J. (2024) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc8090121 · Cited by 32
Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhang, W., Fan, Q., Ni, J., & Zhu, L. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345392 · Cited by 26
“With distinct features (e.g., decentralization, traceability, transparency, and immutability), blockchain has been widely applied in metaverse communications to enable the security of digital content [9], [10], [11], [12].”
BackgroundSun, L., Tian, J., & Muhammad, G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3386932 · Cited by 25
Farooq, M. S., Ishaq, K., Shoaib, M., Khelifi, A., & Atal, Z. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3338627 · Cited by 28
“The patient’s data is immutable once it is stored on the blockchain, and it can be expedited, lowering the cost of patient care and aiding in the management of electronic medical records [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialHe, J., Ahmad, S. F., Al‐Razgan, M., Ali, Y. A., & Irshad, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28778 · Cited by 23
RetractedMediTwin: A Web 3.0-Integrated Digital Twin for Secure Patient-Centric Healthcare in the Metaverse
Awan, K. A., Din, I. U., Almogren, A., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3409845 · Cited by 23
The Transformative Power of Virtual Hospitals for Revolutionising Healthcare Delivery
Vallée, A., & Arutkin, M. (2024) · Public health reviews · doi:10.3389/phrs.2024.1606371 · Cited by 31
“The virtual hospital concept will prove to be a game-changer, providing remarkable bene fi ts and advancements in delivering healthcare services [14, 15].”
BackgroundAn Adaptive and Modular Blockchain Enabled Architecture for a Decentralized Metaverse
Cheng, Y., Guo, Y., Xu, M., Hu, Q., Yu, D., & Cheng, X. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432 · Cited by 23
“By integrating artificial intelligence and blockchain, the metaverse proposed by Ali et al. [26] can provide secure and efficient healthcare services.”
MethodRole of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Healthcare Delivery
Jeyaraj, P., & AVSM, L. G. T. N. (2023) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Modern Engineering · doi:10.35940/ijisme.a1310.12111223 · Cited by 23
“A. Predictions and Projections The future prospects of AI in healthcare are promising and hold the potential to revolutionize the industry in various ways [26, 27].”
BackgroundBilgin, G. B., Bilgin, C., Childs, D. S., Orme, J. J., Burkett, B. J., Packard, A. T., Johnson, D. R., Thorpe, M. P., Riaz, I. B., Halfdanarson, T. R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1386718 · Cited by 22
Metaverse in surgery — origins and future potential
Checcucci, E., Veccia, A., Puliatti, S., BACKER, P. D., Piazza, P., Kowalewski, K., Rodler, S., Taratkin, M. S., BELENCHON, I. R., Baekelandt, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00941-4 · Cited by 21
“Harassment and potential abuse have already been observed in conventional social media metaverses 116 .”
Integrating Technologies in the Metaverse for Enhanced Healthcare and Medical Education
Chaddad, A., & Jiang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2025.3537802 · Cited by 18
“Ali et al. [40] build a Metaverse environment with AI and blockchain.”
Kshetri, N., Hutson, J., & Revathy, G. (2023) · International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/icimia60377.2023.10426362 · Cited by 20
“The integration of blockchain technology and artificial intelligence in the metaverse & finance, business to deliver more effective, efficient, and secure healthcare, medical facilities in virtual space [55] [56].”
BackgroundMetaHealth: unlocking metaverse technologies in digital healthcare
Nair, S. G. S., & Chandrasekaran, B. (2024) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2024.2382233 · Cited by 17
Adversarial Examples on XAI-Enabled DT for Smart Healthcare Systems
Imam, N. H. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24216891 · Cited by 17
“In [18], the authors propose a framework for the healthcare metaverse that contains three environments: (1) the healthcare practitioners’ environment, (2) the metaverse or virtual environment, and (3) the patient environment.”
BackgroundAwan, K. A., Din, I. U., Almogren, A., & Kim, B.-S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3337806 · Cited by 17
Alzheimer’s Multiclassification Using Explainable AI Techniques
Jordan, K., Carole, K. S., Armand, T. P. T., Kim, H.-C., & Initiative, T. F. L. D. N. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14188287 · Cited by 16
Self-citationLi, Y., Wang, S., & Khaskheli, M. B. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12110463 · Cited by 18
Metaverse applications in healthcare: opportunities and challenges
Jeong, E., & Lee, D. (2024) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-024-00577-9 · Cited by 17
“Ensuring the protection of patient information in virtual environments is essential for widespread adoption (Ali et al. 2023).”
Rajpal, S. (2025) · Journal of Computer and Communications · doi:10.4236/jcc.2025.1310001 · Cited by 15
The Metaverse Review: Exploring the Boundless Ream of Digital Reality
Dong, S., Liu, M., & Abbas, K. (2024) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2024.055575 · Cited by 16
An overview of Metaverse in healthcare. Potential application in forensic and legal medicine
Ferorelli, D., Sirago, G., Calò, F., Vinci, A., Visci, P., Solarino, B., & Dell'Erba, A. S. (2025) · Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-025-00938-4 · Cited by 15
“Real-life events and life in Metaverse increasingly overlap across all sectors [6].”
Healthcare Metaverse: Applications, Challenges, and Future DevelopmentPreprint
Rane, N., Choudhary, S., & Rane, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4637901 · Cited by 17
A metaworld: Implications, opportunities and risks of the metaverse
Felice, F. D., Rehman, M., Petrillo, A., & Baffo, I. (2023) · IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1049/cim2.12079 · Cited by 20
A Review of the Factors Influencing Users' Perception of Metaverse Security and Trust
Al-kfairy, M., Alomari, A., Al-Bashayreh, M. G., Alfandi, O., Altaee, M., & Tubishat, M. (2023) · International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS) · doi:10.1109/snams60348.2023.10375478 · Cited by 14
“…of trust is done by comparing the level of user satisfaction with augmented reality (AR) [23] Quality of healthcare services in the Metaverse [24] Privacy, security, and safety as communal resources [25] Standards and protocols in digital domain [5] Incorporating decentralization [26]…”
BackgroundInfluentialDanish, S., Khan, A., Dang, L. M., Alonazi, M., Alanazi, S., Song, H., & Moon, H. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15010048 · Cited by 14
Das, T., Kondamudi, S. G., Babakerkhell, M. D., Pal, D., Roy, R., & Funilkul, S. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2380016 · Cited by 18
“PeoU (Purohit & arora, 2021), PU (Purohit & arora, 2021), and trU (ali et al., 2023) are technology acceptance variables. att(al-adwan et al., 2023), sn (İbili et al., 2023), and PBc (Bornschlegl et al., 2021) are behavioural variables.”
A blockchain secured metaverse framework for scalable and immersive telemedicine
Sonkamble, R. G., Shirke-Deshmukh, S., Katkar, V. D., Lunagaria, M., Tejani, G. G., & Mousavirad, S. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12068-6 · Cited by 15
“This gap is addressed with comparison of our proposed system against three notable publications 66–68 .”
Securing the metaverse: Machine learning–based perspectives on risk, trust, and governance
Achuthan, K., Ramanathan, S., & Raghu Raman, R. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2025.100356 · Cited by 16
Einsatz von erweiterten Realitäten (XR) in der Thoraxchirurgie
Feodorovici, P., Arensmeyer, J., Schnorr, P., & Schmidt, J. G. H. (2023) · Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Viszeral- Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie · doi:10.1055/a-2121-6478 · Cited by 13
“MKG-Chirurg 2020; 13: 248–259 [27] Ali S, AbdullahArmand TPT et al.”
BackgroundMahmoud, A. B. (2024) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4026 · Cited by 16
Armand, T. P. T., Mozumder, M. A. I., Carole, K. S., Joo, M.-I., & Kim, H. (2023) · International Conference on Intelligent Metaverse Technologies & Applications (iMETA) · doi:10.1109/imeta59369.2023.10294611 · Cited by 12
“Research contribution [17] Trustful treatment protocol using the metaverse supported by AI, XAI and blockchain.”
MethodSelf-citationThe First Principles: Setting the Context for a Safe and Secure Metaverse
Gupta, A. K., Sawhney, S., & Kompella, K. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3665495 · Cited by 12
Al-Otaibi, S. T., Ayouni, S., Sarwar, N., Irshad, A., & Ullah, F. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-024-05049-3 · Cited by 12
“A major issue is the lack of good trust management within MSNs. Devices and data have to be reliable and trustworthy, but most current solutions are static and cannot cope with changing conditions in the network and new threats [10].”
What can the metaverse do for urology?
Gandi, C., Cosenza, L., Campetella, M., Marino, F., Ragonese, M., Bientinesi, R., Totaro, A., Racioppi, M., & Sacco, E. (2023) · Urologia Journal · doi:10.1177/03915603231175940 · Cited by 12
Sindiramutty, S. R., Jhanjhi, N. Z., Ray, S. K., Jazri, H., Khan, N. A., Gaur, L., Gharib, A. H., & Manchuri, A. R. (2023) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9823-1.ch002 · Cited by 11
Towards Metahospital: augmented and virtual reality in medicine
Daineko, Y. A., Ipalakova, M., Tsoy, D., Alipova, B. N., Kozhakhmetov, A., & Mustafina, A. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.12.220 · Cited by 11
Meta-Review of Wearable Devices for Healthcare in the Metaverse
Vahdati, M., Laamarti, F., & Saddik, A. E. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3705320 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, the rapid pace of technological advancement and the proliferation of new wearable devices and metaverse platforms can pose challenges for healthcare providers and patients in staying current with the latest developments and best practices in this rapidly evolving field [5, 51].”
Nair, A. J., Manohar, S., & Chaudhry, R. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83608-708-320241013 · Cited by 11
IoMT and Blockchain Synergy: A Novel Approach to Health Data Validation and Storage
Ali, A. S. M., Ali, S., Ziaullah, K., Joo, M.-I., & Kim, H. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555289 · Cited by 11
“[9 ] Their integration can transform sectors like finance and healthcare by enabling secure transactions and addressing challenges in data security and privacy, driving innovation in an interconnected world [10].”
Self-citationResearch on Metaverse Security and Forensics
Liang, G., Xin, J., Wang, Q., Ni, X., Guo, X., & Chen, P. (2023) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2023.038403 · Cited by 13
Blockchain-Powered Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Systems Data Orchestration
Louja, A., Jamali, A., & Naja, N. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94802-2_15 · Cited by 11
MetaLung: Towards a Secure Architecture for Lung Cancer Patient Care on the Metaverse
Zanitti, M., Ferens, M., Ferrarin, A., Trovò, F., Miskovic, V., Prelaj, A., Shen, M., & Kosta, S. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and Applications (MetaCom) · doi:10.1109/metacom57706.2023.00047 · Cited by 10
Role of Quantum Computing and Metaverse in the Field of Healthcare and Medicine
Bajkoti, A. S., Tiwari, S., Ranjan, T., Bisht, R. S., & Mittal, A. (2023) · International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) · doi:10.1109/icirca57980.2023.10220921 · Cited by 9
“[11] discussed the environments of a doctor and patient as well as a metaverse environment that uses blockchain, AI, AR, VR, and XR technology to connect with one another and produce and exchange information.”
BackgroundMetaverse for digital health solutions
Shamim, N., Wei, M., Gupta, S., Verma, D. S., Abdollahi, S., & Shin, M. M. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102869 · Cited by 8
Metaverse Architectures: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Definitions and Frameworks
Boztas, C., Ghadafi, E., & Ibrahim, R. (2025) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi17070283 · Cited by 14
Privacy and Security in the Metaverse: Trends, Challenges, and Future Directions
Singh, J., Singh, P., Kaur, R., Kaur, A., & Hedabou, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3587015 · Cited by 13
“Ali et al. [94] explored the transformative impact of the Metaverse on healthcare, proposing a blockchain-based architecture to enhance data integrity and security.”
The Role of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) in Medical Tourism
Farooq, S., Reshi, M. A., & Farooq, B. (2024) · Advances in hospitality, tourism and the services industry (AHTSI) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2248-2.ch012 · Cited by 9
Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Global Healthcare
Sahar, S. N. M., & Dar, H. (2024) · Advances in hospitality, tourism and the services industry (AHTSI) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2248-2.ch009 · Cited by 9
Artificial Intelligence and Metaverse Applications in the Healthcare Sector
Bansal, D., & Bhattacharya, N. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0928-5.ch004 · Cited by 9
Improved Discriminative Object Localization Algorithm for Safety Management of Indoor Construction
Hwang, J., Lee, K., Zan, M. M. E., Jang, M., & Shin, D. H. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23083870 · Cited by 8
“, [30,31], gain an advantage fro object localization using class activation aps.”
BackgroundA Proposed Metaverse Framework Implementing Gamification for Training Teaching Staff
Mogier, G. A. A., Khayat, G. A. E., Elkordy, M. M., & Hanafy, Y. A. E.-G. (2023) · IEEE Afro-Mediterranean Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AMCAI) · doi:10.1109/amcai59331.2023.10431501 · Cited by 8
“Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models use user data to predict and diagnose diseases [31].”
BackgroundMadanchian, M., & Taherdoost, H. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15179571 · Cited by 8
Elhenawy, I., AL-baker, S. F., & Mohamed, M. (2023) · Neutrosophic Systems with Applications · doi:10.61356/j.nswa.2023.99 · Cited by 8
“Herein, we estimated these alternatives as: i. MeT 1 : Health Surveillance: Patients according to [11] will be able to keep an eye on their health without physically visiting a hospital or scheduling doctor's appointments thanks to AI-based services in the Metaverse. ii.”
MethodEditorial: Metaverse going beyond adoption: the next frontier for global healthcare
Zaman, U. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194285 · Cited by 8
XAI for Lymph Node Histopathology: From Explainability to Immersive Metaverse Applications
Saxena, P., Sharma, M., Batra, R., Gupta, R., Singh, M., & Singh, S. K. (2025) · International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC) · doi:10.1109/ispcc66872.2025.11039319 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Ali, S., Abdullah, Armand, T. P. T., Athar, A., Hussain, A., Ali, M., Yaseen, M., Joo, M.-I., & Kim, H.-C.
- Affiliations
- Inje University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Joo, Moon-Il
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 565
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9862285
- OpenAlex
- W4313585122
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 55
- FWCI
- 66.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Korean Government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (1711139492, 2021R1I1A1A01050306)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (1711139492, 2021R1I1A1A01050306)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Keywords
- metaverse, health care, blockchain, explainable AI, patient data security, disease prediction, disease diagnosis, Grad-CAM, lime, avatars, data privacy, trust in healthcare
- MeSH terms
- Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Computer Security, Trust
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
