Cited by 285Blockchain Technology Applications and SecurityArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationExplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

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Metaverse in Healthcare Integrated with Explainable AI and Blockchain: Enabling Immersiveness, Ensuring Trust, and Providing Patient Data Security

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Ali, Sikandar, Abdullah, Armand, Tagne Poupi Theodore, Athar, Ali, Hussain, Ali, Ali, Maisam, Yaseen, Muhammad, Joo, Moon-Il, Kim, Hee-Cheol·2023·Sensors

DOI 10.3390/s23020565PMC PMC9862285

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Abstract

Digitization and automation have always had an immense impact on healthcare. It embraces every new and advanced technology. Recently the world has witnessed the prominence of the metaverse which is an emerging technology in digital space. The metaverse has huge potential to provide a plethora of health services seamlessly to patients and medical professionals with an immersive experience. This paper proposes the amalgamation of artificial intelligence and blockchain in the metaverse to provide better, faster, and more secure healthcare facilities in digital space with a realistic experience. Our proposed architecture can be summarized as follows. It consists of three environments, namely the doctor’s environment, the patient’s environment, and the metaverse environment. The doctors and patients interact in a metaverse environment assisted by blockchain technology which ensures the safety, security, and privacy of data. The metaverse environment is the main part of our proposed architecture. The doctors, patients, and nurses enter this environment by registering on the blockchain and they are represented by avatars in the metaverse environment. All the consultation activities between the doctor and the patient will be recorded and the data, i.e., images, speech, text, videos, clinical data, etc., will be gathered, transferred, and stored on the blockchain. These data are used for disease prediction and diagnosis by explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models. The GradCAM and LIME approaches of XAI provide logical reasoning for the prediction of diseases and ensure trust, explainability, interpretability, and transparency regarding the diagnosis and prediction of diseases. Blockchain technology provides data security for patients while enabling transparency, traceability, and immutability regarding their data. These features of blockchain ensure trust among the patients regarding their data. Consequently, this proposed architecture ensures transparency and trust regarding both the diagnosis of diseases and the data security of the patient. We also explored the building block technologies of the metaverse. Furthermore, we also investigated the advantages and challenges of a metaverse in healthcare.

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Authors: Ali, S., Abdullah, Armand, T. P. T., Athar, A., Hussain, A., Ali, M., Yaseen, M., Joo, M.-I., & Kim, H.-C.
Affiliations: Inje University (KR)
Corresponding author: Joo, Moon-Il
ORCID: Ali, Sikandar
Abdullah
Armand, Tagne Poupi Theodore
Athar, Ali
Hussain, Ali
Ali, Maisam
Joo, Moon-Il
Kim, Hee-Cheol
Venue: Sensors
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2023-01-04
Volume: 23
Issue: 2
Pages: 565
ISSN: 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/s23020565
PMC: PMC9862285
OpenAlex: W4313585122
Cited by: 285
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 55
FWCI: 66.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Korean Government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (1711139492, 2021R1I1A1A01050306)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (1711139492, 2021R1I1A1A01050306)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Keywords: metaverse, health care, blockchain, explainable AI, patient data security, disease prediction, disease diagnosis, Grad-CAM, lime, avatars, data privacy, trust in healthcare
MeSH terms: Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Computer Security, Trust

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Metaverse in Healthcare Integrated with Explainable AI and Blockchain: Enabling Immersiveness, Ensuring Trust, and Providing Patient Data Security

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