Blockchain-Based Secure Device Management Framework for an Internet of Things Network in a Smart City
Open accessAbstract
The broadly configured smart city network requires a variety of security considerations for a heterogeneous device environment. Because a network of heterogeneous devices facilitates an attacker’s intrusion through a specific device or node, a device management framework is required to manage each node comprehensively. This paper proposes a blockchain-based device management framework for efficient device management, scalable firmware update and resiliences on attacks against smart city network. This framework offers four device management and firmware update mechanisms based on the performance and requirements of each device: bidirectional mechanism of general end node and a unidirectional mechanism of the lightweight end node. This difference optimizes the resource of network and devices in terms of management and security. All management history of each device is stored in the blockchain and transmitting firmware between vendor and management node is conducted through a smart contract of blockchain for security and resilience on the attack. Through the framework proposed in this paper, the confidentiality and availability of device management on smart city network as well as integrity, auditability, adaptability and authentication for each node are ensured and the effectiveness of the proposed framework is presented through the security analysis.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The red cluster provides a general overview of blockchain applications in the smart city and the role of the technology in optimizing efficiency and strengthening security and privacy of various smart city applications such as IoT, IoV, and big data.
“This cluster provides a general overview of blockchain applications in the smart city (Rahman et al., 2019; E. Xie et al., 2006) and the role of the technology in optimizing the efficiency and strengthening the security and privacy of various smart city applications such as IoT (Gong et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2019; Viriyasitavat et al. 2019), IoV (Chen et al. 2020; Iqbal et al. 2020; Yin et al. 202”
From Blockchain technology in the smart city: A bibliometric review (2022) · cites this paper as Gong et al. 2019
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359340.359342 · Cited by 13,462 · see citing works
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012 · see citing works
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemPreprint
Squarepants, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3977007 · Cited by 11,146 · see citing works
(2013) · Cited by 5,372 · see citing works
An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress) · doi:10.1109/bigdatacongress.2017.85 · Cited by 4,515 · see citing works
PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher
Bogdanov, A., Knudsen, L. R., Leander, G., Paar, C., Poschmann, A., Robshaw, M. J. B., Seurin, Y., & Vikkelsoe, C. (2007) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74735-2_31 · Cited by 2,867 · see citing works
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., & Bormann, C. (2014) · doi:10.17487/rfc7252 · Cited by 2,605 · see citing works
Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home
Dorri, A., Kanhere, S. S., Jurdak, R., & Gauravaram, P. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomw.2017.7917634 · Cited by 1,843 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Blockchain is designed to be resistant to modification of data through hash functions: once a data is added to the chain, it cannot be changed or deleted [21].”
BackgroundApplications of Blockchains in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
Ali, M. S., Vecchio, M., Pincheira, M., Dolui, K., Antonelli, F., & Rehmani, M. H. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2886932 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
SHA-3 standard: permutation-based hash and extendable-output functions
National Institute of Standards and Technology (US) (2015) · doi:10.6028/nist.fips.202 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
The SIMON and SPECK lightweight block ciphers
Beaulieu, R., Shors, D., Smith, J., Treatman-Clark, S., Weeks, B., & Wingers, L. (2015) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1145/2744769.2747946 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Security and privacy in smart city applications: Challenges and solutions
Zhang, K., Ni, J., Yang, K., Liang, X., Ren, J., & Shen, X. S. (2017) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1600267cm · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Securing Smart Cities Using Blockchain Technology
Biswas, K., & Muthukkumarasamy, V. (2016) · 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 14th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS) · doi:10.1109/hpcc-smartcity-dss.2016.0198 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities
Sun, J., Yan, J., & Zhang, K. Z. K. (2016) · Financial Innovation · doi:10.1186/s40854-016-0040-y · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Iot-based smart cities: A survey
Arasteh, H., Hosseinnezhad, V., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., Troisi, O., Shafie‐khah, M., & Siano, P. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) · doi:10.1109/eeeic.2016.7555867 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy
Elmaghraby, A. S., & Losavio, M. (2014) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.006 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
IoT Privacy and Security Challenges for Smart Home Environments
Lin, H., & Bergmann, N. (2016) · Information · doi:10.3390/info7030044 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Blockchain based hybrid network architecture for the smart city
Sharma, P. K., & Park, J. H. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.04.060 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationspongent: A Lightweight Hash Function
Bogdanov, A., Knežević, M., Leander, G., Toz, D., Varıcı, K., & Verbauwhede, I. M. R. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23951-9_21 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Block-VN: A Distributed Blockchain Based Vehicular Network Architecture in Smart City
(2017) · Journal of Information Processing Systems · doi:10.3745/jips.03.0065 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Who Uses Smart City Services and What to Make of It: Toward Interdisciplinary Smart Cities Research
Lytras, M. D., & Visvizi, A. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10061998 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Blockchain-based secure firmware update for embedded devices in an Internet of Things environment
Lee, B., & Lee, J. (2016) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-016-1870-0 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Blockchain-Based Distributed Framework for Automotive Industry in a Smart City
Sharma, P. K., Kumar, N., & Park, J. H. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2887101 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Better Availability and Accountability for IoT Updates by Means of a Blockchain
Boudguiga, A., Bouzerna, N., Granboulan, L., Olivereau, A., Quesnel, F., Roger, A., & Sirdey, R. (2017) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW) · doi:10.1109/eurospw.2017.50 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Kraijak, S., & Tuwanut, P. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT) · doi:10.1109/icct.2015.7399787 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
An enhanced security framework for home appliances in smart home
Kang, W. M., Moon, S. Y., & Park, J. H. (2017) · Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences · doi:10.1186/s13673-017-0087-4 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement and Monitoring of IoT Devices Using Blockchain
Košťál, K., Helebrandt, P., Belluš, M., Ries, M., & Kotuliak, I. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19040856 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
IoT and Smart City Technology: Challenges, Opportunities, and Solutions
Park, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Information Processing Systems · doi:10.3745/jips.04.0113 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationVaňuš, J., Kučera, P., Martínek, R., & Koziorek, J. (2014) · Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences · doi:10.1186/s13673-014-0019-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Internet of Things (IoT) Framework for Granting Trust among Objects
Suryani, V., Sulistyo, S., & Widyawan, W. (2017) · Journal of Information Processing Systems · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Private Blockchain Network for IoT Device Firmware Integrity Verification and Update
Dhakal, S., Jaafar, F., & Zavarsky, P. (2019) · Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on High-Assurance Systems Engineering/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/hase.2019.00033 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
LSH: A New Fast Secure Hash Function Family
Kim, D.-C., Hong, D., Lee, J., Kim, W.-H., & Kwon, D. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15943-0_18 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
CYBER SECURITY AND INTERNET OF THINGS
Saad, M., & Soomro, T. R. (2018) · Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology & Science · doi:10.22555/pjets.v7i1.2084 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Survey of Blockchain and Intelligent Networking for the Metaverse
Fu, Y., Li, C., Yu, F. R., Luan, T. H., Zhao, P., & Liu, S. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Treiblmaier, H., Rejeb, A., & Strebinger, A. (2020) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities3030044 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Mapping the Knowledge Domain of Smart-City Research: A Bibliometric and Scientometric Analysis
Zhao, L., Tang, Z., & Zou, X. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11236648 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Lone, A. H., & Naaz, R. (2021) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2020.100360 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Blockchain technology in the smart city: A bibliometric review
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Simske, S. J., & Keogh, J. G. (2022) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01251-2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Knowledge diffusion paths of blockchain domain: the main path analysis
Yu, D., & Sheng, L. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03650-y · Cited by 84 · see citing works
IoT Technology Applications-Based Smart Cities: Research Analysis
González-Zamar, M.-D., Abad‐Segura, E., Cano, E. V., & Menéses, E. L. (2020) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics9081246 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Khalil, U., Malik, O. A., Uddin, M., & Chen, C. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22145168 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
IoT-based smart cities: a bibliometric analysis and literature review
Szum, K. (2021) · Engineering Management in Production and Services · doi:10.2478/emj-2021-0017 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
BEST—Blockchain-Enabled Secure and Trusted Public Emergency Services for Smart Cities Environment
Bhawana, Kumar, S., Rathore, R. S., Mahmud, M., Kaiwartya, O., & Lloret, J. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22155733 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kiran, A., Mathivanan, P., Mahdal, M., Сайрам, К. В. С. С. С. С., Chauhan, D. K., & Talasila, V. (2023) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math11092073 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Blockchain Applications to Improve Operation and Security of Transportation Systems: A Survey
Khoshavi, N., Tristani, G., & Sargolzaei, A. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10050629 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Blockchain-Based Smart Farm Security Framework for the Internet of Things
Aliyu, A. A., & Liu, J. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23187992 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Positioning of blockchain mechanisms in IOT-powered smart home systems: A gateway-based approach
Minoli, D. (2019) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2019.100147 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities
Almeida, F. L. (2023) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi15090285 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nikpour, M., Yousefi, P. B., Jafarzadeh, H., Danesh, K., Shomali, R., Asadi, S., Lonbar, A. G., & Ahmadi, M. (2024) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2024.104089 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Theoretical and analytical assessment of smart green cities
Bonab, A. B., Bellini, F., & Rudko, I. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137315 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Current Research Trends in IoT Security: A Systematic Mapping Study
Lee, J. Y., & Lee, J. (2021) · Mobile Information Systems · doi:10.1155/2021/8847099 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Data Privacy Based on IoT Device Behavior Control Using Blockchain
Loukil, F., Ghedira-Guegan, C., Boukadi, K., Aïcha-Nabila, B., & Benkhelifa, E. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Internet Technology · doi:10.1145/3434776 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mishra, S., & Chaurasiya, V. K. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16406-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Houichi, M., Jaïdi, F., & Bouhoula, A. (2024) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2024.054007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Akram, S. V., Thakur, A. K., Gupta, L. R., Priyadarshi, N., & Twala, B. (2024) · Sustainable Engineering and Innovation · doi:10.37868/sei.v6i1.id208 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Blockchain-based cloud-fog collaborative smart home authentication scheme
Yang, H., Guo, Y., & Guo, Y. (2024) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110240 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chinnaiyan, R., & Balachandar, S. (2020) · International Conference Big Data Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1145/3378904.3378918 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kumar, P. M., Rawal, B. S., & Gao, J. (2022) · International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS) · doi:10.1109/comsnets53615.2022.9668530 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Duan, L., Xu, W., Ni, W., & Wang, W. (2023) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2023.102897 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Boosting Luxury Sustainability Through Blockchain Technology
Al‐Issa, N., Thanasi-Boçe, M., & Ali, O. (2022) · Textile science and clothing technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6569-2_2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nikpour, M., Yousefi, P. B., Jafarzadeh, H., Danesh, K., & Ahmadi, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3198211/v1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Multi party secure data access management in cloud using user centric block chain data encryption
Arulananth, T. S., Baskar, M., Anbarasu, V., Thiagarajan, R., Rajendran, T., & Balaji, A. (2021) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2021.10.029 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Blockchain and Smart Cities: Co-Word Analysis and BERTopic Modeling
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Zaher, H. F., & Simske, S. (2025) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities8040111 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Network management schemes for IoT environment towards 6G: A comprehensive review
Bodkhe, U., & Tanwar, S. (2023) · Microprocessors and Microsystems · doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2023.104928 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Blockchain-Based Fog Computing Model (BFCM) for IoT Smart Cities
Venkadeshan, R., & Jegatha, M. (2021) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76216-2_5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Blockchain for Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review
Georgiou, I., Nell, J. G., & Kokkinaki, A. I. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63396-7_12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Упровадження концепції «Smart City» в управління великими містами України
Андрієнко, А. (2023) · Європейська наукова платформа eBooks · doi:10.36074/andriienko-monograph.2023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Empowering autonomous IoT devices in blockchain through gasless transactions
Madhwal, Y., Yanovich, Y., Korotkevich, A., Parshina, D., Seropian, N., Gavrilov, S., Nikolaev, A., Balachander, S., & Arul Murugan, A. (2025) · Blockchain Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100257 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Blockchain for Smart Cities: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review
Georgiou, I., Nell, J. G., & Kokkinaki, A. I. (2022) · Internet of things · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97818-1_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Survey on Leveraging Blockchain for IoT Security
Sanghani, N., & Borisaniya, B. (2024) · International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems · doi:10.12785/ijcds/150129 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Securing Smart Transportation: Blockchain and IoT for Sustainable Cities
Jabbari, A. (2024) · IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) · doi:10.1109/isc260477.2024.11004209 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ray, J., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Kumar, S., Thakur, A. K., & Dogra, S. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02048-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tsoniotis, N. (2022) · Springer optimization and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84459-2_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Integrating Blockchain and Fog Computing Technologies for Efficient Privacy-preserving Systems
Baniata, H. (2023) · doi:10.14232/phd.11555 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bhawana, B., & Kumar, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-742472/v1
Kumar, G. R., Chamaraju, Y. S., Mulani, U. M., Naveenkumar, R., Datta, A., & Kanwer, B. (2025) · International Conference on Pervasive Computational Technologies (ICPCT) · doi:10.1109/icpct64145.2025.10940998
Fraud Detection in IoT Networks
Bhagya, B., Thampi, S. M., & Mukherjee, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82826-3_5
A blockchain-based secure access framework with privacy protection for medical data sharing
Ni, W., & Duan, L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33984-4.00019-5
Enhancing Smart Power System through Blockchain Technology: Innovation and Implication
Suganyadevi, S., & Nivedha, M. (2025) · Power systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89459-6_16
BigchainDB for Precision Agriculture Data Sharing: A Feasibility Study
Džafić, Ž., Milosavljević, B., Cucak, M., & Pavlović, S. (2026) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi18030121
- Authors
- Gong, S., Tcydenova, E., Jo, J., Lee, Y., & Park, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology (KR)
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author
- Park, Jong Hyuk
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-07-17
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3889
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2958317794
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology (This study was supported by the Advanced Research Project funded by the SeoulTech(Seoul National University of Science and Technology))
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- blockchain, device management, Internet of Things, smart cities, firmware updates, smart contracts, heterogeneous devices, attack resilience, auditability, node authentication, network security
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review