The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Abstract
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained (e.g., low-power, lossy) networks. The nodes often have 8-bit microcontrollers with small amounts of ROM and RAM, while constrained networks such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) often have high packet error rates and a typical throughput of 10s of kbit/s. The protocol is designed for machine- to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation. CoAP provides a request/response interaction model between application endpoints, supports built-in discovery of services and resources, and includes key concepts of the Web such as URIs and Internet media types. CoAP is designed to easily interface with HTTP for integration with the Web while meeting specialized requirements such as multicast support, very low overhead, and simplicity for constrained environments.
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SCADA systems are geographically distributed, and hence their physical security is a significant issue.
“SCADA systems are geographically distributed.Hence their physical security is a big issue [32,33].”
From Architecture and security of SCADA systems: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
SCADA systems are expected to run without interruption, so any patch or upgrade cannot be applied without compromising productivity.
“These systems are expected to run without any interruption, so any patch or upgrade cannot be applied without compromising its productivity [32,33].”
From Architecture and security of SCADA systems: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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“…(CoRE) Working Group proposed CoAP to be a transfer protocol (such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP) for LLNs. CoAP allows request/ response transactions in LLNs as they occur in the traditional Web, enabling transmissions of gathered data from devices to users (Shelby et al., 2014).”
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“This leverages the OAuth Token Introspection mechanism in defining a protocol mapping to CoAP for resource-constrained devices.”
BackgroundInfluentialTwo-phase authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks in distributed IoT applications
Porambage, P., Schmitt, C., Kumar, P., Gurtov, A., & Ylianttila, M. (2014) · IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/wcnc.2014.6952860 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a mutual authentication scheme proposed for unreliable data transmission networks with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) links [11].”
BackgroundSecurity of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks and Countermeasures
Bütün, İ., Österberg, P., & Song, H. (2020) · Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University) · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Smart farming: Agriculture's shift from a labor intensive to technology native industry
Charania, I., & Li, X. (2020) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2019.100142 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
An evaluation of low power wide area network technologies for the Internet of Things
Nolan, K. E., Guibène, W., & Kelly, M. Y. (2016) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc.2016.7577098 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Trust Management Techniques for the Internet of Things: A Survey
Din, I. U., Guizani, M., Kim, B.-S., Hassan, S., & Khan, M. K. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2880838 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
A Survey on Resource Management in IoT Operating Systems
Musaddiq, A., Zikria, Y. B., Hahm, O., Yu, H., Bashir, A. K., & Kim, S. W. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2808324 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
IoT-Based Solid Waste Management Solutions: A Survey
Pardini, K., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Kozlov, S. A., Kumar, N., & Furtado, V. (2019) · Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks · doi:10.3390/jsan8010005 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“The COAP is an application layer protocol developed to support applications within IoT systems [93,94].”
MethodConvergence of Satellite and Terrestrial Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Wang, P., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Yan, Z., Evans, B. G., & Wang, W. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2963223 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Fog computing based efficient IoT scheme for the Industry 4.0
Peralta, G., Iglesias-Urkia, M., Barceló, M., et al. (2017) · IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM) · doi:10.1109/ecmsm.2017.7945879 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Due to the above, lightweight application layer protocols, such as MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) [9] and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [10], are gaining momentum.”
The Contiki-NG open source operating system for next generation IoT devices
Oikonomou, G., Duquennoy, S., Elsts, A., et al. (2022) · SoftwareX · doi:10.1016/j.softx.2022.101089 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Pattar, S., Buyya, R., Venugopal, K. R., Iyengar, S. S., & Patnaik, L. M. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2825231 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Some of them are Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Data Distribution Service (DDS) [20], Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) [21], Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) [22], and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [23].”
Backgroundqadir, Q. M., Rashid, T. A., Al-Salihi, N. K., Ismael, B., Kist, A. A., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883151 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“IPv6 and the constrained application protocol (CoAP) [72] are two potential protocols for providing connectivity among LPWA devices regardless of their underlying radio technologies [36].”
MethodCalifornium: Scalable cloud services for the Internet of Things with CoAP
Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M., & Shelby, Z. (2014) · International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT) · doi:10.1109/iot.2014.7030106 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Instead of adding the problems of compression to the problems of HTTP, the IETF designed a new Web protocol from scratch: the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [15].”
MethodSelf-citationVilajosana, X., Watteyne, T., Chang, T., et al. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2939407 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Typically, it contains the link-layer unique identifier of the pledge, from which a link-local IPv6 address can be derived, an UDP port number if different than the default CoAP port, and potentially a local interface identifier in case the JP has more than one network interface.”
MethodInfluentialObserving Resources in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Hartke, K. S. (2015) · doi:10.17487/rfc7641 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationDistributed Capability-based Access Control for the Internet of Things.
Hernández-Ramos, J. L., Jara, A. J., Marín, L., et al. (2013) · Cited by 184 · see citing works
An Open Framework for Participatory PM2.5 Monitoring in Smart Cities
Chen, L., Ho, Y.-H., Lee, H.-C., et al. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2723919 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Congestion Control Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
Kafi, M. A., Djenouri, D., Ben‐Othman, J., et al. (2014) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2014.021714.00123 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Palattella, M. R., & Grieco, L. (2015) · doi:10.17487/rfc7554 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
UML4IoT—A UML-based approach to exploit IoT in cyber-physical manufacturing systems
Thramboulidis, K., & Christoulakis, F. (2016) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2016.05.010 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
6LoWPAN Compressed DTLS for CoAP
Raza, S., Trabalza, D., & Voigt, T. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS) · doi:10.1109/dcoss.2012.55 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“In the current CoAP draft [2] TLS ECDHE ECDSA WITH AES 128 CCM 8 is a mandatory cipher suit.”
BackgroundMethodSmart Lighting Solutions for Smart Cities
Castro, M., Jara, A. J., & Skármeta, A. (2013) · International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) · doi:10.1109/waina.2013.254 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“This requires additional be enabled with embedded Web Services [9] through protocols such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [10] built over the REST architecture.”
MethodA DTLS based end-to-end security architecture for the Internet of Things with two-way authentication
Kothmayr, T., Schmitt, C., Hu, W. S., Brünig, M., & Carle, G. (2012) · IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops) · doi:10.1109/lcnw.2012.6424088 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“The current draft specifies a binding of CoAP to DTLS to achieve security [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
- Authors
- Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., & Bormann, C.
- Publisher
- RFC Editor
- Published
- 2014-06
- OpenAlex
- W2234639732
- Cited by
- 2,605
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 264 · 2018: 331 · 2017: 270 · 2016: 240 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 124 · 2013: 117 · 2012: 81
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services
- Keywords
- CoAP, constrained networks, low-power wireless networks, 6LoWPAN, machine-to-machine communication, resource discovery, multicast, Uri, smart energy, building automation
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