Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain the Effects of Cognitive Factors across Different Kinds of Green Products

“As indicated in Table 5, the square root of AVE for each construct was greater than the highest correlation between the specific construct and other constructs, indicating a good discriminant validity [64].”

“TPB was first developed and used by Ajzen [10].”

“Three commonly used indicators, that is, individual reliability of items, composite reliability of latent variables, and average variance extracted of the latent variables were used to measure the reliability and validity of the model [25,62].”

“Common method bias is a systematic error of self-reported data that is caused by the same data sources, same survey context, and the characteristics of the project [60].”

“[63], the validity threshold of standardized factor loadings values is 0.”

“Three items adapted from Taylor and Todd [52], and Jaiswal and Kant were employed to express consumers’ attitude toward purchasing green products that reflect favor or disfavor of consumers to purchase green products [49].”

“, attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) [18].”

“Perceived behavior control, as an important part of TPB, is defined as the ease or difficulty to perform a behavior [41].”

“In addition, various empirical research has verified that attitude positively affects purchase intention for green products [17,35,36].”

“, a common method factor that contains all indicators of constructs was included in PLS to measure each indicator’s variance substantively explained by the principal construct and by the method [61].”

“Various conceptual frameworks such as the construal level theory (CLT) [7], the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [8], and the social cognitive theory (SCT) [9] have been studied in the field of green consumption and achieved good results.”

“[34], who found that environmental concern was positively related to both purchase intention for green products and TPB constructs.”

“Various conceptual frameworks such as the construal level theory (CLT) [7], the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [8], and the social cognitive theory (SCT) [9] have been studied in the field of green consumption and achieved good results.”

“found that a tourist who thinks selecting a green hotel is beneficial to environmental protection will tend to choose a green hotel [32].”

“Chen and Tung combined environmental concern into an extended TPB framework and concluded that more positive environmental concern led to a more positive effect on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control toward visiting green hotels [33].”

“Yadav and Pathak found that subjective norms positively influence the consumers’ purchase intention for green products [13].”

“TPB is an extensively used theory in purchase intention for green products [4,11,14,15].”

“In addition, various empirical research has verified that attitude positively affects purchase intention for green products [17,35,36].”

“uncovered that perceived behavior control and purchase intention for green products are not related based on empirical research [45].”

“Previous research has generally found that there is a positive relationship between environmental concern and purchase intention for green products [47,48].”

“Three items adapted from Taylor and Todd [52], and Jaiswal and Kant were employed to express consumers’ attitude toward purchasing green products that reflect favor or disfavor of consumers to purchase green products [49].”

“It has been widely used and extended in many studies, such as new system adoption behavior [19], e-service usage [20], oil palm smallholder planters’ intention [21], microblogging intention [22], and purchase intention for organic clothing [23] and energy-efficient appliances [24].”

“Moreover, the effect of attitude was higher than that of perceived behavioral control on both kinds of green products, consistent with the results of the previous literature that demonstrated that attitude toward green products will have the highest positive effect on the green purchase intention among all TPB predict…”

“Thøgersen found that subjective social norms are directly and positively related to pro-environmental behaviors [39].”

“Perceived behavioral control items were adapted from Armitage and Conner [53] and Kim and Han [54], indicating the ease or difficulty (e.”

“Yazdanpanah and Forouzani empirically examined the effectiveness of TPB framework and found that all constructs of TPB were significantly and positively related to purchase intention for organic food [37].”

“constructed a conceptual framework and concluded that attitude is directly and positively related to purchase intention for the environmentally sustainable products [5].”

“developed hypotheses based on classical literature, and conducted a case study from Qingdao, China, to explore the factors affecting green consumer behavior [48].”

“Environmental concern (Adapted from Armitage and Conner [53]; Kim and Han [54]) China’s environment is my major concern.”

“applied TPB to explore the effect of its main constructs on purchase intention for green skincare products and further measured the moderating effect of another two variables [15].”

“In previous research, perceived behavior control was reflected by different aspects, such as perceived inconvenience, cost of time, and resources [42,43].”

“A consensus has not been formed about how subjective norm affects purchase intention for green products [12,27,66].”

“Some previous literature has verified that it had a positive effect on purchase intention for green products [12,26], while some researchers found that it had a negative effect [65,66].”

“TPB is an extensively used theory in purchase intention for green products [4,11,14,15].”

“A back-translation technique [55] was used to ensure the consistency between English and Chinese.”

“A consensus has not been formed about how subjective norm affects purchase intention for green products [12,27,66].”

“developed hypotheses based on previous literature and applied them to a case of organic food in China to study the effect of extended TPB on consumers’ intention to buy organic food [26].”

“Chen and Hung combined TPB with three other constructs to predict customer intention to adopt green products [16].”

“A consensus has not been formed about how subjective norm affects purchase intention for green products [12,27,66].”

“Bong and Jin demonstrated that stronger perceived behavior control leads to a more positive intention to purchase green apparel products [44].”

“divided products into utilitarian products and hedonic products [28].”

“It has been widely used and extended in many studies, such as new system adoption behavior [19], e-service usage [20], oil palm smallholder planters’ intention [21], microblogging intention [22], and purchase intention for organic clothing [23] and energy-efficient appliances [24].”

“Recently, with the advantage of smaller required sample size and its good adaptation for prediction, component-based SEM has been increasingly used in many studies [17,25].”

“In modern society, no one can separate from the society and become an independent individual, so word of mouth is one of the key factors affecting individual pro-environmental behaviors [38].”

“Wu and Man used TPB framework to find that subjective norms have a positive effect on customers’ intention to visit a green hotel [40].”

“It has been widely used and extended in many studies, such as new system adoption behavior [19], e-service usage [20], oil palm smallholder planters’ intention [21], microblogging intention [22], and purchase intention for organic clothing [23] and energy-efficient appliances [24].”

“With the advantage of convenient distribution, fast spread speed, and convenient filling process, online surveys have been extensively used in previous research [57,58].”

“It has been widely used and extended in many studies, such as new system adoption behavior [19], e-service usage [20], oil palm smallholder planters’ intention [21], microblogging intention [22], and purchase intention for organic clothing [23] and energy-efficient appliances [24].”

“It has been widely used and extended in many studies, such as new system adoption behavior [19], e-service usage [20], oil palm smallholder planters’ intention [21], microblogging intention [22], and purchase intention for organic clothing [23] and energy-efficient appliances [24].”

“With the advantage of convenient distribution, fast spread speed, and convenient filling process, online surveys have been extensively used in previous research [57,58].”