Synergies and Trade-Offs in Reaching the Sustainable Development Goals
Open accessAbstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015 integrate diverse issues such as addressing hunger, gender equality and clean energy and set a common agenda for all United Nations member states until 2030. The 17 SDGs interact and by working towards achieving one goal countries may further—or jeopardise—progress on others. However, the direction and strength of these interactions are still poorly understood and it remains an analytical challenge to capture the relationships between the multi-dimensional goals, comprising 169 targets and over 200 indicators. Here, we use principal component analysis (PCA), an in this context novel approach, to summarise each goal and interactions in the global SDG agenda. Applying PCA allows us to map trends, synergies and trade-offs at the level of goals for all SDGs while using all available information on indicators. While our approach does not allow us to investigate causal relationships, it provides important evidence of the degree of compatibility of goal attainment over time. Based on global data 2000–2016, our results indicate that synergies between and within the SDGs prevail, both in terms of levels and over time change. An exception is SDG 10 ‘Reducing inequalities’ which has not progressed in tandem with other goals.
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Vulnerability levels have generally declined in recent decades.
“Despite the highly uneven distribution of resilience across the world, vulnerability levels have generally declined in recent decades, aided by notable progress toward common development goals (73,74)”
From Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Hegre, H., Petrova, K., & von Uexkull, N.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Box 514, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author
- Hegre, Håvard
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-21
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 8729
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3093674003
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Reseach Council of Norway (268135)
- European Research Council (694640)
- MISTRA Geopolitics (-)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Human Rights and Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
- Keywords
- Sustainable Development Goals, SDG interactions, synergistic effect, trade-offs, principal component analysis, SDG indicators, goal compatibility, inequality reduction
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