Passenger Occupancy Estimation in Vehicles: A Review of Current Methods and Research Challenges

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In-Vehicle Occupancy Detection With Convolutional Networks on Thermal Images

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Human Occupancy Detection via Passive Cognitive Radio

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Vehicle Occupancy Detection for HOV/HOT Lanes Enforcement

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A method of location the vehicle windshield region for vehicle occupant detection system

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An Indirect Occupancy Detection and Occupant Counting System Using Motion Sensors

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An optical method for automated roadside detection and counting of vehicle occupants

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Detection of persons in a vehicle using IR cameras and RFID technologies

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Proposal of a Method for Estimating the Number of Passengers with Using Drive Recorder and Sensors Equipped in Buses

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Analysis of Deep Learning Model for the Development of an Optimized Vehicle Occupancy Detection System

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A vehicle occupant counting system using near-infrared (NIR) image

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Through the windshield driver recognition

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Occupant Monitoring System for Traffic Control Based on Visual Categorization

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Occupant Pose and Location Detect for Intelligent Airbag System Based on Computer Vision

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New Modeling & Evaluation Approach for Capacitive Occupant Detection in Vehicles

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Detection of vehicle occupants in HOV lanes: exploration of image sensing for detection of vehicle occupants

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An Vision System for Automatic Detection of Vehicle Passenger

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Evaluating the Performance of Video-Based Automated Passenger Counting Systems in Real-World Conditions: A Comparative Study

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Assessing veracity of big data: An in-depth evaluation process from the comparison of Mobile phone traces and groundtruth data in traffic monitoring

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A Review of Passenger Counting in Public Transport Concepts with Solution Proposal Based on Image Processing and Machine Learning

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PointNet-Transformer Fusion Network for In-Cabin Occupancy Monitoring With mm-Wave Radar

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Video-based automatic people counting for public transport: On-bus versus off-bus deployment

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SCAN: Surveillance Camera Array Network for Enhanced Passenger Detection

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Real-Time Vehicle Passenger Detection Through Deep Learning

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An Intelligent Sensor-Based Back Seat Monitoring System for Preventing Pediatric Vehicular Heatstroke

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Dynamic Management Tool for Improving Passenger Experience at Transport Interchanges

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Smartphone-Based Wi-Fi Analysis for Bus Passenger Counting

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Bus Priority Procedure for Signalized Intersections Based on Bus Occupancy and Delay

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APC: Automatic Passenger Counting and Seat Occupancy Detection for Sightseeing Tram based on 3D LiDAR and Camera

Liu, Y., Lyu, Q., Zhang, J., Suo, X., Hong, C., Lin, L., & Wang, D. (2023) · IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/cis-ram55796.2023.10370009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Context-Aware Automated Passenger Counting Data Denoising

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Real-Time AI-Powered Occupancy Monitoring for Modern Jeepneys in Bacolod City, Philippines

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Hyperparameter Tuning for Effective Passenger Detection

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eCall Systems: Enhancing Safety and Accessibility

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Review and Selection of Methods for Automated Passenger Counting on Public Land Transport for Effective Transportation Management

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Design and Implementation of Safety Functions for the CNC Milling Machine

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Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) for Online Event Data Recorder (EDR)

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Smart Occupancy Monitoring System Using Iot Technologies for South African Minibus TaxisPreprint

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Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Passenger Occupancy for Different Travel Modes in Delhi

Gupta, A., & Errampalli, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6071-8_24

An Automated Approach to Determine the People Occupancy in Two Wheeler using Deep Learning

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Leveraging Machine Learning for Occupant Body Size Estimation via B-Pillar Seatbelt Systems

Wang, D., Ahmed, J., Rowe, O. M., & Bråse, D. (2026) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2026-01-0559

Dwelling and Speed Advisory Enhanced Max-Pressure Control With Transit Signal Priority

Tan, C., Laskaris, G., Sun, D., Abohariri, R., Rinaldi, M., & van Lint, H. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2026.3695849

Creep-Induced Temporal Drift Modeling and Compensation of Automotive Seat Pressure Signals for Short-Term Occupant Weight Classification

Ma, J., Hu, Z., & Guo, M. (2026) · Vehicles · doi:10.3390/vehicles8070149

Passenger occupancy detection and estimation in public transport: a systematic review of technologies and predictive models

Bongiovi, G., Dias, T. G., Nauri, J., & Ferreira, M. C. (2026) · Transportation Letters · doi:10.1080/19427867.2026.2698817

People Counting Using YOLO-Based Detection and Clustering for a Mobile Robot

Gomulka, K., Woźniak, P., & Krzeszowski, T. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26154664

Weigh-in-motion sensors: an underutilized source for inferring occupancy trend

Akbari, P., & Demissie, M. G. (2026) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2026.101397

Köra lätt motorcykel med B-körkort

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Citizen-Centric Signal Control Through Occupancy-Aware Person-Delay Minimization: A Simulation-Based Study of Multimodal Urban Corridors

Prunean, G., Varga, B. O., Oargă, I.-T., Borzan, A. I., & Bara, A.-M. (2026) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci10100557

Passenger occupancy detection and estimation in public transport: a systematic review of technologies and predictive models

Bongiovi, G., Dias, T. G., Nauri, J., & Ferreira, M. C. (2026) · Transportation Letters · doi:10.1080/19427867.2026.2698817

Effect of Window Tinting on Passenger Detection and Enforcement in Road Transport

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Automatic determination of vehicle occupancy by a novel optical means

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A Review of Passenger Counting in Public Transport Concepts with Solution Proposal Based on Image Processing and Machine Learning

Radovan, A., Mršić, L., Đambić, G., & Mihaljević, B. (2024) · Eng · doi:10.3390/eng5040172 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Sensing Quality and Estimation of Public Transport Occupancy During Live Operation

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