The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gravitational Condensate Stars: An Alternative to Black Holes
Open accessAbstract
A new final endpoint of complete gravitational collapse is proposed. By extending the concept of Bose–Einstein condensation to gravitational systems, a static, spherically symmetric solution to Einstein’s equations is obtained, characterized by an interior de Sitter region of p=−ρ gravitational vacuum condensate and an exterior Schwarzschild geometry of arbitrary total mass M. These are separated by a phase boundary with a small but finite thickness ℓ, replacing both the Schwarzschild and de Sitter classical horizons. The resulting collapsed cold, compact object has no singularities, no event horizons, and a globally defined Killing time. Its entropy is maximized under small fluctuations and is given by the standard hydrodynamic entropy of the thin shell, which is of order kBℓMc/ℏ, instead of the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, SBH=4πkBGM2/ℏc. Unlike BHs, a collapsed star of this kind is consistent with quantum theory, thermodynamically stable, and suffers from no information paradox.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abernathy, M. R., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., et al. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.116.061102 · Cited by 14,151
The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
Hawking, S. W., & Ellis, G. F. R. (1973) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511524646 · Cited by 10,624
Bekenstein, J. D. (1973) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.7.2333 · Cited by 7,555
HAWKING, S. W. (1974) · Nature · doi:10.1038/248030a0 · Cited by 5,669
Singular hypersurfaces and thin shells in general relativity
Israel, W. (1966) · Il Nuovo Cimento B Series 10 · doi:10.1007/bf02710419 · Cited by 2,660
General Relativistic Fluid Spheres
Buchdahl, H. A. (1959) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.116.1027 · Cited by 1,753
Black Holes: Complementarity or Firewalls?
Almheiri, A., Marolf, D., Polchinski, J., & Sully, J. (2012) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.3123 · Cited by 1,471
Black holes: complementarity or firewalls?
Almheiri, A., Marolf, D., Polchinski, J., & Sully, J. (2013) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2013)062 · Cited by 1,470
Black holes and thermodynamics
Hawking, S. W. (1976) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.191 · Cited by 1,307
Singular hypersurfaces and thin shells in general relativity
Israel, W. (1967) · Il Nuovo Cimento B Series 10 · doi:10.1007/bf02712210 · Cited by 1,140
Cited by
The Galactic Center massive black hole and nuclear star cluster
Genzel, R., Eisenhauer, F., & Gillessen, S. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3121 · Cited by 1,236
Liebling, S. L., & Palenzuela, C. (2017) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.1007/s41114-017-0007-y · Cited by 371
Black holes, white holes, and near-horizon physics
Gaur, R., & Visser, M. (2024) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep05(2024)172 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Mazur, P. O., & Mottola, E.
- Venue
- Universe
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-02-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 88
- ISSN
- 2218-1997 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1625035848
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 67
- FWCI
- 14.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Gravitational Condensate Stars: An Alternative to Black Holes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/universe9020088
- The paper
- Mazur, P. O., & Mottola, E. (2023). Gravitational Condensate Stars: An Alternative to Black Holes. Universe. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9020088
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
