Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater Using Hydrochar Prepared from Red Macroalgae: Investigating Its Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanism
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Arsenic (As) is a prominent carcinogen component produced via both geogenic and anthropogenic processes, posing serious risks to human health. This study aimed to investigate the potential of hydrochar prepared from red macroalgae for removing As from synthetic wastewater. The hydrochar was produced through 5 h hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) treatment at 200 °C, and then, chemically activated with ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O). SEM analysis revealed a permeable structure of hydrochar, while FTIR analysis detected the occurrence of several functional groups at the hydrochar interface. EDS analysis showed an increase in carbon concentration after FeCl3·6H2O activation. Hydrochar was then tested in batch experiments to investigate its As removal efficiency, with ICP-MS used to determine the levels of As after the adsorption process. The results showed that As removal efficiency increased with increasing initial As concentration from 50 to 250 mg/L, and the highest As removal efficiency was 84.75% at a pH of 6, initial concentration of 0.25 mg/L, and adsorbent dose of 1000 mg at 120 min. The Langmuir isotherm model supported the occurrence of homogeneous adsorption over the surface of hydrochar, while the pseudo-second-order model confirmed the chemisorptive nature of the process.
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Red macroalgae treated via hydrothermal carbonization at 200 °C with FeCl3 impregnation achieved As3+ adsorption capacity of 3.8314 mg/g, following Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics.
“Similarly, red macroalgae treated via hydrothermal carbonization at 200 • C with FeCl 3 impregnation achieved an As 3+ adsorption capacity of 3.8314 mg/g, following a Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics [83].”
From Algal-Based Carbonaceous Materials for Environmental Remediation: Advances in Wastewater Treatment, Carbon Sequestration, and Biofuel Applications (2025) · cites this paper as [83]
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Sorted by citations
González Fernández, L. A., Medellín Castillo, N. A., Sánchez Polo, M., Navarro Frómeta, A. E., & Vilasó Cadre, J. E. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13020556 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Khanzada, A. K., Rizwan, M., Al-Hazmi, H. E., Majtacz, J., Kurniawan, T. A., & Mąkinia, J.
- Affiliations
- Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (PK)
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Rizwan, Muhammad
- Al-Hazmi, Hussein E.
- Mąkinia, Jacek
- ORCID
- Venue
- Water
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-11-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 3866
- ISSN
- 2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4388422355
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Arsenic contamination and mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- arsenic removal, hydrochar, red macroalgae, hydrothermal carbonization, adsorption, wastewater treatment, chemisorption, Langmuir isotherm, pseudo-second-order kinetics, pH effect, adsorbent dosage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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