Short-Term Warming Induces Cyanobacterial Blooms and Antibiotic Resistance in Freshwater Lake, as Revealed by Metagenomics Analysis
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Abstract
Climate change threatens freshwater ecosystems, potentially intensifying cyanobacterial blooms and antibiotic resistance. We investigated these risks in Cosseys Reservoir, New Zealand, using short-term warming simulations (22 °C, 24 °C, and 27 °C) with additional oxidative stress treatments. A metagenomic analysis revealed significant community shifts under warming. The cyanobacterial abundance increased from 6.11% to 20.53% at 24 °C, with Microcystaceae and Nostocaceae proliferating considerably. The microcystin synthesis gene (mcy) cluster showed a strong association with cyanobacterial abundance. Cyanobacteria exhibited enhanced nutrient acquisition (pstS gene) and an upregulated nitrogen metabolism under warming. Concurrently, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) increased, particularly multidrug resistance genes (50.82% of total ARGs). A co-association network analysis identified the key antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baylyi) and ARGs (e.g., acrB, MexK, rpoB2, and bacA) central to resistance dissemination under warming conditions. Oxidative stress exacerbated both cyanobacterial growth and ARGs’ proliferation, especially efflux pump genes (e.g., acrB, adeJ, ceoB, emrB, MexK, and muxB). This study demonstrated that even modest warming (2–5 °C) could promote both toxic cyanobacteria and antibiotic resistance. These findings underscore the synergistic effects of temperature and oxidative stress posed by climate change on water quality and public health, emphasizing the need for targeted management strategies in freshwater ecosystems. Future research should focus on long-term impacts and potential mitigation measures.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Manna, B., Jay, E., Zhang, W., Zhou, X., Lyu, B., Thomas, G. M., & Singhal, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Singhal, Naresh
- Venue
- Water
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-09-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 2655
- ISSN
- 2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4402650217
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society of New Zealand (MFP-UOA2018, 9485/3729416)
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland to NS (MFP-UOA2018, 9485/3729416)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- cyanobacterial blooms, antibiotic resistance genes, climate change, oxidative stress, freshwater lakes, Nostocaceae, multidrug resistance genes, efflux pump genes, nitrogen metabolism, microbial community shifts, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, water quality
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