The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Challenging future, challenging past: the relationship of social integration and psychological impairment in traumatized refugees
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Refugees have been shown to present high prevalence rates of trauma-related mental disorders. Despite their psychological impairment, they are expected to meet high functional requirements in terms of social integration into, and financial independence from, the host society. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined the relationship of mental health problems, post-migration living difficulties (PMLD), and social integration in a sample of 104 refugees seeking treatment for severe posttraumatic stress and comorbid symptoms in two outpatient clinics in Switzerland. RESULTS: Despite an average time of residence in Switzerland of over 10 years, participants showed poor integration and a high number of PMLD. Integration difficulties were closely associated with psychological symptoms, but not with socio-demographic parameters such as education or visa status. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological impairment in treatment-seeking traumatized refugees is associated with poor integration. To foster social integration, it is crucial to better understand and address the specific needs of this highly vulnerable population.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“post-migration living difficulties (PMLDs) are also predictive of mental health problems [8–11]”
From A brief transdiagnostic psychological intervention for Afghan asylum seekers and refugees in Austria: A randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“This scale has previously been used in Arabic-speaking refugees [52].”
From Effectiveness of a brief group behavioral intervention for common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Jordan: a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
Cross-Validation of Item Selection and Scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in Nine Countries
Gandek, B., Ware, J. E., Aaronson, N. K., Apolone, G., Bjorner, J. B., Brazier, J. E., Bullinger, M., Kaasa, S., Leplege, A., Prieto, L., et al. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00109-7 · Cited by 2,907 · cited 1×
“Health-related quality of life and functional impairment were measured using the physical and mental component score of the 12-item Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form (SF-12; Gandek et al., 1998; Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996).”
MethodFoa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 · Cited by 2,709
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6 · Cited by 2,292
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132 · Cited by 2,246 · cited 2×
“These findings are in line with many studies on traumatized refugees demonstrating the relationship of ongoing psychological impairment and overextending post-migration living conditions, even if formal safety is achieved (Bogic et al., 2012; Laban et al., 2005; Silove et al., 1997).”
MethodResultSelf-citationPorter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.602 · Cited by 1,793 · cited 1×
“…and discrimination experience have been shown to contribute to psychological distress and to the incidence of mental disorders (Laban, Gernaat, Komproe, Van der Tweel, & De Jong, 2005; Nickerson, Bryant, Brooks, et al., 2011; Nickerson, Bryant, Steel, Silove, & Brooks, 2010; Porter & Haslam, 2005).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Medical Interpreter Services on the Quality of Health Care: A Systematic Review
Flores, G. (2005) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558705275416 · Cited by 1,676 · cited 1×
“…Journal of Psychotraumatology 2016, 7: 28057 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.28057 higher readmission rates (Divi, Koss, Schmaltz, & Loeb, 2007; Flores, 2005; Karliner, Jacobs, Chen, & Mutha, 2007; Lindholm, Hargraves, Ferguson, & Reed, 2012; NgoMetzger et al., 2007; Ribera, Hausmann-Muela,…”
InfluentialMollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 1,551
Karliner, L., Jacobs, E. A., Chen, A. H., & Mutha, S. (2006) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00629.x · Cited by 1,538
Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029 · Cited by 1,524
MOLLICA, R. F., CASPI-YAVIN, Y., BOLLINI, P., TRUONG, T., TOR, S., & LAVELLE, J. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008 · Cited by 1,489
Silove, D. M., Sinnerbrink, I. B., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V. L., & Steel, Z. (1997) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.170.4.351 · Cited by 777 · cited 2×
“These findings are in line with many studies on traumatized refugees demonstrating the relationship of ongoing psychological impairment and overextending post-migration living conditions, even if formal safety is achieved (Bogic et al., 2012; Laban et al., 2005; Silove et al., 1997).”
MethodResultSchweitzer, R., Melville, F., Steel, Z., & Lacherez, P. F. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01766.x · Cited by 758
Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lindert, J., Ehrenstein, O. S. V., Priebe, S., Mielck, A., & Brähler, E. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.032 · Cited by 751
Language proficiency and adverse events in US hospitals: a pilot study
Divi, C., Koss, R. G., Schmaltz, S. P., & Loeb, J. M. (2007) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzl069 · Cited by 745
(1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.4.497 · Cited by 712
Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement in the United States
Marshall, G. N. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.571 · Cited by 667
Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.579 · Cited by 644
Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., Phan, T. D., & Bauman, A. E. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11142-1 · Cited by 616
Johnson, H., & Thompson, A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.017 · Cited by 530 · cited 1×
“A dose response relationship between trauma exposure and psychological impairment is well documented (Johnson & Thompson, 2008; Mollica et al., 1998).”
BackgroundImpact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees
Steel, Z., Silove, D., Brooks, R., Momartin, S., Alzuhairi, B., & Susljik, I. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007864 · Cited by 473 · cited 1×
“This scale has consistently been identified as a predictor of mental health among displaced populations (Nickerson et al., 2010; Schweitzer et al., 2006; Steel et al., 2006).”
BackgroundA critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Silove, D., & Steel, Z. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.004 · Cited by 457
Self-citationLaban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., Schreuders, B. A., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2004) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000146739.26187.15 · Cited by 444
Ngo‐Metzger, Q., Sorkin, D. H., Phillips, R. S., Greenfield, S., Massagli, M. P., Clarridge, B. R., & Kaplan, S. H. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0340-z · Cited by 439
Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement
Morris, M. D., Popper, S. T., Rodwell, T. C., Brodine, S. K., & Brouwer, K. C. (2009) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 · Cited by 425
Mollica, R. F. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.5.546 · Cited by 419
Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., Bird, K. D., McGorry, P. D., & Mohan, P. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024710902534 · Cited by 374
Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., van der Tweel, I., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000188977.44657.1d · Cited by 308 · cited 1×
“These findings are in line with many studies on traumatized refugees demonstrating the relationship of ongoing psychological impairment and overextending post-migration living conditions, even if formal safety is achieved (Bogic et al., 2012; Laban et al., 2005; Silove et al., 1997).”
ResultBogic, M., Ajdukovic, D., Bremner, S., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M., Kucukalic, A., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Morina, N., Popovski, M., Schützwohl, M., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084764 · Cited by 283 · cited 4×
“Numerous environmental factors (e.g., temporary residence permit or long asylum procedures) have been shown to be independently associated with higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders (Bogic et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMollica, R. F., McInnes, D. K., PHAM, T., Fawzi, M. C. S., MURPHY, E., & Lin, L.-E. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199809000-00005 · Cited by 279 · cited 1×
“A dose response relationship between trauma exposure and psychological impairment is well documented (Johnson & Thompson, 2008; Mollica et al., 1998).”
BackgroundProfessional Language Interpretation and Inpatient Length of Stay and Readmission Rates
Lindholm, M., Hargraves, J. L., Ferguson, W. J., & Reed, G. W. (2012) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2041-5 · Cited by 278
Momartin, S., Silove, D. M., Manicavasagar, V. L., & Steel, Z. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(03)00131-9 · Cited by 270
A 3‐year follow‐up study of psychosocial functioning and general symptoms in settled refugees
Lie, B. (2002) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01436.x · Cited by 268 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, post-migration stress factors such as unemployment and family separation were found to predict the maintenance of PTSD symptoms in resettled refugees (Lie, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Employment Experience of Refugees in the Netherlands
de Vroome, T., & van Tubergen, F. (2010) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00810.x · Cited by 242
Translation Fidelity of Psychological Scales
Bontempo, R. N. (1993) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022193242002 · Cited by 182
Bakker, L. G. H., Dagevos, J., & Engbersen, G. (2013) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-013-0296-2 · Cited by 175
The impact of fear for family on mental health in a resettled Iraqi refugee community
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., & Brooks, R. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.006 · Cited by 175 · cited 1×
“This scale has consistently been identified as a predictor of mental health among displaced populations (Nickerson et al., 2010; Schweitzer et al., 2006; Steel et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. R. (2005) · Cited by 174
Refugee Resettlement in Australia: What We Know and Need to Know
Fozdar, F., & Hartley, L. K. (2013) · Refugee Survey Quarterly · doi:10.1093/rsq/hdt009 · Cited by 162 · cited 1×
“…on predictors of economic integration of refugees, we further hypothesized that successful social integration would be related to potentially favorable sociodemographic factors such as higher education and secure visa status (for overview see De Vroome & Van Tubergen, 2010; Fozdar & Hartley, 2013).”
BackgroundThe Effectiveness of Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD With Refugees in a Community Setting
Schulz, P. M., Resick, P., Huber, L., & Griffin, M. (2006) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.011 · Cited by 148
Montazeri, A., Vahdaninia, M., Mousavi, S. J., Asadi‐Lari, M., Omidvari, S., & Tavousi, M. (2011) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-12 · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“Psychometric properties and factor structure of the SF-12 have been examined in several studies worldwide (e.g., Montazeri et al., 2011).”
MethodNickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.043 · Cited by 141
Self-citationWhat We Know and Don’t Know About Mental Health Problems Among Immigrants in Norway
Abebe, D., Lien, L., & Hjelde, K. H. (2012) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-012-9745-9 · Cited by 131
Moral Injury in Traumatized Refugees
Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000369353 · Cited by 126
Self-citationPrevalence and predictors of health service use among Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands
Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0240-x · Cited by 124
Carlsson, J. M., Mortensen, E. L., & Kastrup, M. C. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000180739.79884.10 · Cited by 123
Executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the influence of comorbid depression
Olff, M., Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.003 · Cited by 118
Primary Care Management of Non–English-Speaking Refugees Who Have Experienced Trauma
Crosby, S. S. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8788 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“Although the use of qualified medical interpreters is advised (Crosby, 2013), the limiting factor is often additional cost.”
BackgroundPatel, N., Kellezi, B., & Williams, A. C. D. C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009317.pub2 · Cited by 110
Nickerson, A., Steel, Z., Bryant, R. A., Brooks, R., & Silove, D. M. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.015 · Cited by 110
Self-citationPsychological Distress and the Asylum Process
Ryan, D., Benson, C., & Dooley, B. A. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31815fa51c · Cited by 108
The familial influence of loss and trauma on refugee mental health: A multilevel path analysis
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Brooks, R., Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., & Chen, J. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20608 · Cited by 103
Self-citationMental health and healthcare utilisation in adult asylum seekers
Schmidt, M., & Julia, M. (2010) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2010.13110 · Cited by 89
Lamkaddem, M., Stronks, K., Devillé, W. L. J. M., Olff, M., Gerritsen, A. A. M., & Essink‐Bot, M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-90 · Cited by 76 · cited 2×
“In addition, increased PMLD were negatively related to an improvement in PTSD (Lamkaddem et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEconomic Participation and National Self-Identification of Refugees in the Netherlands
de Vroome, T., Coenders, M., van Tubergen, F., & Verkuyten, M. (2011) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2011.00860.x · Cited by 58
Brabant, Z., & Raynault, M.-F. (2012) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2011.592076 · Cited by 49
Avoidance symptoms and assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Arab immigrant women
Norris, A. E., & Aroian, K. J. (2008) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20363 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“The scale yields a continuous PTSD symptom score and has been used with numerous refugee groups (e.g., Neuner, Schauer, Klaschik, Karunakara, & Elbert, 2004; Norris & Aroian, 2008).”
MethodMultiCASI: multilingual computer assisted self interview
Knaevelsrud, C., & Müller, J. (2008) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · Cited by 17
Self-citationvan Melle, M., Lamkaddem, M., Stuiver, M. M., Gerritsen, A. A. M., Devillé, W. L. J. M., & Essink‐Bot, M. (2014) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-160 · Cited by 14
Gesundheitsmonitoring der Migrationsbevölkerung (GMM) in der Schweiz: Schlussbericht
Guggisberg, J., Gardiol, L., Graf, I., Oesch, T., Künzi, K., Volken, T., Rüesch, P., Abel, T., Ackermann, S., & Müller, C. (2011) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · Cited by 9
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Foa E.B, 1996, Posttraumatic diagnostic scale manual
- Ribera J.M., Hausmann-Muela S., Grietens K.P., Toomer E. Is the use of interpreters in medical consultations justified? A critical review of the literature. 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2015, from http://www.tvgent.be/downloads/interpretersinmedicalconsulations.acriticalrev.pdf.
- Schauer M., 2005, Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). A short-term intervention for traumatic stress disorders
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Li, S. S. Y., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0723-0 · Cited by 746
Self-citationHenkelmann, J.-R., de Best, S., Deckers, C., Jensen, K., Shahab, M. K., Elzinga, B. M., & Molendijk, M. L. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.54 · Cited by 391
Sijbrandij, M., Acartürk, C., Bird, M., Bryant, R. A., Burchert, S., Carswell, K., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Dinesen, C., Dawson, K. S., Chammay, R. E., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1388102 · Cited by 315
“Additionally, symptoms of PTSD and depression predicted difficulties in integration (Schick et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNosè, M., Ballette, F., Bighelli, I., Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Tol, W., Priebe, S., & Barbui, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171030 · Cited by 276
The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a systematic review
von Werthern, M., Robjant, K., Chui, Z., Schon, R., Ottisova, L., Mason, C., & Katona, C. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1945-y · Cited by 263
Metadata
- Authors
- Schick, M., Zumwald, A., Knöpfli, B., Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Müller, J., & Morina, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Bern (CH)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Kantonsspital Münsterlingen (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schick, Matthis
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-02-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28057-28057
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4756625
- OpenAlex
- W2262007362
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 17.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Funders
- Parrotia-Stiftung
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
- Keywords
- refugees, social integration, psychological impairment, post-migration living difficulties, post-traumatic stress disorder, comorbid symptoms, host society integration, mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
