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Lipocalin-2 and intestinal diseases

Zhang, Zhong-Xu, Peng, Jian, Ding, Wei-Wei·2024·World Journal of Gastroenterology
DOI 10.3748/wjg.v30.i46.4864PMC PMC11612708
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Abstract

Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier is a prevalent phenomenon observed across a spectrum of diseases, encompassing conditions such as mesenteric artery dissection, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, and sepsis. In these pathological states, the integrity of the intestinal barrier, which normally serves to regulate the selective passage of substances between the gut lumen and the bloodstream, becomes compromised. This compromised barrier function can lead to a range of adverse consequences, including increased permeability to harmful substances, the translocation of bacteria and their products into systemic circulation, and heightened inflammatory responses within the gut and beyond. Understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal barrier dysfunction in these diverse disease contexts is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring barrier integrity and ameliorating disease progression. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) expression is significantly upregulated during episodes of intestinal inflammation, making it a pivotal indicator for gauging the extent of such inflammatory processes. Notably, however, LCN2 derived from distinct cellular sources, whether intestinal epithelial cells or immune cells, exhibits notably divergent functional characteristics. Furthermore, the multifaceted nature of LCN2 is underscored by its varying roles across different diseases, sometimes even demonstrating contradictory effects.

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Figures

Figure 1 Crystal structure of lipocalin 2 with a closed calyx structure in the antiparallel direction generated via the AlphaFold protein structure database (AlphaFold Monomer v2.0 pipeline)[12].
Figure 1 Crystal structure of lipocalin 2 with a closed calyx structure in the antiparallel direction generated via the AlphaFold protein structure database (AlphaFold Monomer v2.0 pipeline)[12].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Regulation of lipocalin-2 biosynthesis (schematic diagram). The factors influencing lipocalin 2 expression alterations across various models were summarized. TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TRAD: Protein TraD; TRAF: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors; IAP: Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins; RIPK1: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1; CARD9: Caspase-recruitment domain 9; IKK: IκB kinase; NLPR3: NLR-family pyrin domain-containing protein 3; IKB: Inhibitor of kB; NFKB: Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B; JAK: Janus kinase; SOC3: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; STAT1/3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3; S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; S1PR: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; H3K27m3: Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation; KDM6A: Lysine-specific demethylase 6A; LCN2: Lipocalin-2.
Figure 2 Regulation of lipocalin-2 biosynthesis (schematic diagram). The factors influencing lipocalin 2 expression alterations across various models were summarized. TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TRAD: Protein TraD; TRAF: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors; IAP: Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins; RIPK1: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1; CARD9: Caspase-recruitment domain 9; IKK: IκB kinase; NLPR3: NLR-family pyrin domain-containing protein 3; IKB: Inhibitor of kB; NFKB: Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B; JAK: Janus kinase; SOC3: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; STAT1/3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3; S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; S1PR: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; H3K27m3: Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation; KDM6A: Lysine-specific demethylase 6A; LCN2: Lipocalin-2.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Mechanisms by which lipocalin-2 interacts with cells (schematic diagram). The mechanisms by which lipocalin-2 complexes exert their effects on cells have been summarized. SLC22A17: Solute carrier family 22 member 17; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ATG4B: Autophagy-related gene 4B; LC3B: Light-chain 3B; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; elF2α: Alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2; ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NrF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial-derived growth factor; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; LCN2: Lipocalin-2; ARE: Antioxidant response elements.
Figure 3 Mechanisms by which lipocalin-2 interacts with cells (schematic diagram). The mechanisms by which lipocalin-2 complexes exert their effects on cells have been summarized. SLC22A17: Solute carrier family 22 member 17; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ATG4B: Autophagy-related gene 4B; LC3B: Light-chain 3B; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; elF2α: Alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2; ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NrF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial-derived growth factor; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; LCN2: Lipocalin-2; ARE: Antioxidant response elements.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Zhang, Z.-X., Peng, J., & Ding, W.-W.
Venue
World Journal of Gastroenterology
Publisher
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Published
2024-12-14
Volume
30
Issue
46
Pages
4864-4879
ISSN
1007-9327
DOI
10.3748/wjg.v30.i46.4864
PMC
PMC11612708
Cited by
19
References
10

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Lipocalin-2 and intestinal diseases. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3748/wjg.v30.i46.4864
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Zhang, Z.-X., Peng, J., & Ding, W.-W. (2024). Lipocalin-2 and intestinal diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i46.4864