WordGen: A tool for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French
Open accessAbstract
WordGen is an easy-to-use program that uses the CELEX and Lexique lexical databases for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French. Items can be generated in these four languages, specifying any combination of seven linguistic constraints: number of letters, neighborhood size, frequency, summated position-nonspecific bigram frequency, minimum position-nonspecific bigram f requency, position-specific frequency of the initial and final bigram, and orthographic relatedness. The program also has a module to calculate the respective values of these variables for items that have already been constructed, either with the program or taken from earlier studies. Stimulus queries can be entered through WordGen's graphical user interface or by means of batch files. WordGen is especially useful for (1) Dutch and German item generation, because no such stimulus-selection tool exists for these languages, (2) the generation of nonwords for all four languages, because our program has some important advantages over previous nonword generation approaches, and (3) psycholinguistic experiments on bilingualism, because the possibility of using the same tool for different languages increases the cross-linguistic comparability of the generated item lists. WordGen is free and available at http://expsy.ugent.be/wordgen.htm.
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All pseudoword items were checked against the Dutch CELEX corpus using WordGen and were found to be nonexisting words.
“All pseudoword items were checked against the Dutch CELEX corpus using WordGen (Duyck, Desmet, Verbeke, & Brysbaert, 2004) and were found to be nonexisting words.”
From Use of morphological and contextual cues in children’s lexical inferencing in L1 and L2 (2021) · cites this paper as Duyck, Desmet, Verbeke, & Brysbaert, 2004
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- Authors
- Duyck, W., Desmet, T., Verbeke, L. P. C., & Brysbaert, M.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Duyck, Wouter
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 488-499
- ISSN
- 0743-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5970
- OpenAlex
- W2073556933
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- word choice, CELEX, lexical databases, bigram frequency, neighborhood size, word frequency, Dutch language, English language, German, French language, bilingualism
- MeSH terms
- Electronic Data Processing, Choice Behavior, Humans, Language, Psycholinguistics, Vocabulary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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