The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ad hoc categories
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“If a prediction (i.e. the embodied concept) matches the incoming sensory information and the prediction error is minimized, similar features from the past are pieced together to give meaning to the present: constructing a situated or ad hoc category (Fig. 4).50,51,110,138,139”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [138]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Zadeh, L. A. (1965) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(65)90241-x · Cited by 67,855
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407 · Cited by 8,141
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
Myers, J. L., & Winer, B. J. (1964) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419292 · Cited by 8,111
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,532
Tversky, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.4.327 · Cited by 7,414
Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories
Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90024-9 · Cited by 5,933
Basic objects in natural categories
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-x · Cited by 5,643
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation
(2021) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(21)x0002-3 · Cited by 5,082
Cognitive representations of semantic categories.
Rosch, E. H. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.192 · Cited by 4,993
Essentials of Psychological Testing
Rosner, B., & Cronbach, L. J. (1960) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419921 · Cited by 4,524
Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education.
Smith, B. B., & Guilford, J. P. (1951) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2980908 · Cited by 3,467
Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (1981) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674866270 · Cited by 2,653
Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027577 · Cited by 2,571
The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research
Clark, H. H. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80014-3 · Cited by 2,265
Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language
(1973) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-22101-5 · Cited by 2,231
Anderson, J. R., Bower, G. H., & Bower, G. H. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203780831 · Cited by 2,031
Categorization of Natural Objects
Mervis, C. Β., & Rosch, E. H. (1981) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000513 · Cited by 1,990
Essentials of Psychological Testing
Urbina, S. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781394259458 · Cited by 1,845
Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words
Tulving, E., & Pearlstone, Z. (1966) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(66)80048-8 · Cited by 1,561
(1974) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(74)80111-5 · Cited by 1,429
Rosch, E. H. (1973) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-505850-6.50010-4 · Cited by 1,379
Structure and process in semantic memory: A featural model for semantic decisions.
Smith, E. E., Shoben, E. J., & Rips, L. J. (1974) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0036351 · Cited by 1,363
Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations
Rips, L. J., Shoben, E. J., & Smith, E. E. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80056-8 · Cited by 949
The Occurrence of Clustering in the Recall of Randomly Arranged Associates
Bousfield, W. A. (1953) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1953.9710088 · Cited by 918
Mandler, G. (1967) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60516-2 · Cited by 912
Subjective organization in free recall of "unrelated" words.
Tulving, E. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043150 · Cited by 867
Ortony, A. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.3.161 · Cited by 687
Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts
Barsalou, L. W. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197629 · Cited by 671
Self-citationFundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education.
Maxwell, A. E., Guilford, J. P., & Fruchter, B. (1974) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344970 · Cited by 617
Natural categories: Well defined or fuzzy sets?
McCloskey, M. E., & Glucksberg, S. (1978) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197480 · Cited by 529
Structural bases of typicality effects.
Rosch, E. H., Simpson, C., & Miller, R. S. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.2.4.491 · Cited by 510
Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists
Bower, G. H., Clark, M. C., Lesgold, A. M., & Winzenz, D. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80124-6 · Cited by 500
The evolution of cognitive structures and processes.
Hayes‐Roth, B. (1976) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e426532004-001 · Cited by 233
McCloskey, M. E., & Glucksberg, S. (1979) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90002-1 · Cited by 228
Evolution of cognitive structures and processes.
Hayes‐Roth, B. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.260 · Cited by 207
The nature of mental codes for color categories.
Rosch, E. H. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.1.4.303 · Cited by 200
Learning as a Function of Word-Frequency
Hall, J. F. (1954) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418080 · Cited by 191
Relationships among goodness-of-example, category norms, and word frequency
Mervis, C. Β., Catlin, J., & Rosch, E. H. (1976) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03337190 · Cited by 187
Effects of organization and semantic similarity on recall and recognition
Mandler, G., Pearlstone, Z., & Koopmans, H. S. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80134-9 · Cited by 181
Does activation really spread?
Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.5.454 · Cited by 178
Priming and search processes in semantic memory: a test of three models of spreading activation
Lorch, R. F. (1982) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(82)90736-8 · Cited by 125
Concepts and the structure of memory
Kleinmuntz, B., & Bourne, L. E. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 123
Further evidence on the MP-DP effect in free-recall learning
Shaughnessy, J. J., Zimmerman, J., & Underwood, B. J. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80053-7 · Cited by 88
Automatic encoding of category size information.
Alba, J. W., Chromiak, W., Hasher, L., & Attig, M. S. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.6.4.370 · Cited by 83
Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.234 · Cited by 73
Automatic encoding of category size information.
Alba, J. W., Chromiak, W., Hasher, L., et al. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.4.370 · Cited by 49
Bousfield, W. A., & Cohen, B. H. (1953) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1953.9712878 · Cited by 48
Role of clustering in free recall.
Puff, C. R. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030189 · Cited by 44
Rosch, E. H. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.104.3.241 · Cited by 11
Rosch, E. H. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.241 · Cited by 7
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Barsawu, L. W. Determinants of graded structure in categories. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1981.
- Horton, M. Category familiarity and taxonomic organization in young children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1982.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002149 · Cited by 6,887
Self-citationInstance-Based Learning Algorithms
Aha, D. W., Kibler, D. F., & Albert, M. K. (1991) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1022689900470 · Cited by 5,290
Dimensions of Consumer Expertise
Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1987) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209080 · Cited by 4,375
On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · Cited by 4,069
Pustejovsky, J. D. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195136975.003.0018 · Cited by 3,959
Metadata
- Authors
- Barsalou, L. W.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barsalou, Lawrence W.
- Venue
- Memory & Cognition
- Published
- 1983-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-227
- ISSN
- 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5946
- OpenAlex
- W2037838725
- Semantic Scholar
- f376765c81c99074db4ac8ddceb8b18c6d649a24
- Cited by
- 1,879
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 19.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Emory University
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
- Keywords
- ad hoc categories, category formation, similarity analysis
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Concept Formation, Discrimination Learning, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
